From TBECKMAN@cup.portal.com (Tom J Beckman)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Macintosh Multi-User Task Management Software?
Message-ID: <72784@cup.portal.com>
Date: Sat,  2 Jan 93 09:03:27 PST
Organization: The Portal System (TM)
Distribution: world
Lines: 11

I'm looking for multi-user task management software that will run on
Macintosh computers and over a LocalTalk network. I want to be able to
have project templates that consist of a number of tasks that can
be modified and added to the main database of tasks. I've looked at
Syzygy, a commercial program, which is similar to what I want.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.

Tom Beckman
TBECKMAN@cup.portal.com
tel. (408)-338-8700
fax. (408)-338-9861


From sss@world.std.com (Sergiu S Simmel)
Subject: Info on Kala now available via anonymous FTP
Message-ID: <SSS.93Jan2175154@world.std.com>
Sender: sss@world.std.com (Sergiu S Simmel)
Organization: Penobscot Development Corporation, Arlington MA
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 1993 22:51:54 GMT
Lines: 205


==========================================================================

                  Penobscot Development Corporation
                              Announces
      Availability of Kala documents and Kala Forum back issues
                       via ftp for public use.
  Kala is a Persistent Data Server commercially available from PDC.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
All materials are Copyrighted by Penobscot Development Corporation.
Their use is restricted to inspection and internal distribution only.
==========================================================================


Kala Forum digests (back issues) and other miscellaneous Kala
documents are now available through ftp from 

                            =============
                            world.std.com
                            =============

To connect to this ftp site, type the following at your Unix shell
prompt:

    % ftp world.std.com

or consult with your system administrator if you use any other means
for accessing the network (such as BBSs, CompuServe, etc.).

If coming through a regular Unix connection, you should see something
similar to the following:

    Connected to world.std.com
    220 world FTP server (Version 6.12 Sat Nov 7 22:18:34 EST 1992) ready.
    Name (world.std.com:your_name): anonymous

You must enter 'anonymous' at the Name: prompt. In response, you will
see the following:

    331 Guest login ok, send e-mail address as password.
    Password: 

Next, to be on the safe side, type at the ftp> prompt:

    ftp> bin

On the world.std.com computer, the publicly accessible Kala documents
are located in the pub/kala directory. Change your current working
directory to it using:

    ftp> cd pub/kala

The Kala public materials are organized into the following few
subdirectories:

    pub/kala
            /KalaForum          -- contains all back issues of the
                                   Kala Forum digests
            /Articles           -- contains preliminary versions of
                                   articles published elsewhere
            /ShortDocuments     -- contains various technical and
                                   business documents about Kala

To get at any of these directories, just type 'cd directory-name' at
the ftp> prompt. To list the files in the directory you're in, just
type 'ls' at the ftp> prompt. To download any of the files, type:

    ftp> get filename

To exit ftp, type 'quit' at the ftp> prompt.

All Kala Forum issues are in ASCII text only. Other documents have
names ending in '.txt' to indicated that they are in ASCII text format
or '.ps' for PostScript format (other formats later).

Please let us know if you have any problems. Enjoy!



==============================================================================

                           The Kala Archive

                          Table of Contents

==============================================================================

.txt = formatted ASCII text file; .ps = PostScript file;

------------------------------------------------------------------------------


~ftp/pub/kala                 -- the root of the Kala Archive


------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   .../Articles               -- electronic versions of articles on Kala
                                 published in other paper-based publications

               /Byte9212.txt  -- "Objects of Substance", BYTE, Volume 17,
                                 Number 14, pp.130-133, December 1992.
               /Hoot9208.txt  -- "ODBMS -- Providing Commonalty While
                                 Supporting Diversity", Hotline on Object
                                 Oriented Technology, Volume 3, Number 10,
                                 pp.14-17, August 1992.
               /Hoot9302.txt  -- "Kala Licensing & Metering -- Infrastructure
                                 for a New Economics of Software", Volume 4, 
                                 Number 5, February 1993.
               /OOPSLA92.ps   -- "The Kala Basket", Proceedings of OOPSLA'91,
                                 pp.230-246, October 1991.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   .../KalaForum              -- the archive of the Kala Forum -- the infor-
                                 mation exchange service on Kala and persis-
                                 tent data servers (see separate TOC in that
                                 directory)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   .../TechDocs               -- short documents on various Kala technical
                                 topics

         /AppNote01-SimpleTransactions.txt   -- AppNote showing how you can
                                                implement a simple trans-
                                                action model in less than 1
                                                page of Kala code.
         /HowTo01-CreateMonads.txt           -- A memorandum explaining how
                                                to create layout functions
                                                around your applications
                                                data for packaging in Kala
                                                monads.
         /InDepth01-ModelIndependence.txt    -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                independence of any specific
                                                data or object models.
         /InDepth02-Transactions.txt         -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                support for arbitrary
                                                transactions models.
         /InDepth03-NestedTactions.txt       -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                natural support for nesting
                                                transactions
         /InDepth04-Recoverability.txt       -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                ability to recover from any
                                                crash, save media failure.
         /InDepth05-Performance.txt          -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                performance-oriented imple-
                                                mentation and results.
         /InDepth06-Security.txt             -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                secure implementation and
                                                support for security models.
         /InDepth07-SharedData.txt           -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                support for sharing of data.
         /InDepth08-Licensing.txt            -- Brief discussion on Kala's
                                                support for arbitrary licen-
                                                sing (pay-per-copy) and
                                                metering (pay-per-use) models.
         /InDepth09-SchemaEvolution.txt      -- Brief discussions on the re-
                                                lationship between Kala and
                                                the problem of schema evolu-
                                                tion in databases.
         /OMG_OS_RFI_response.txt            -- A Response to OMG's Request
                                                for Information on Object
                                                Services.
         /TechBrief.txt                      -- A 2-page Technical Brief of
                                                Kala.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   .../BsnsDocs               -- documents describing various business
                                 related aspects around the Kala product:

         /Echo05-Shinji.txt                  -- A reference letter from Dr.
                                                Shinji Suzuki of University
                                                of Tokyo.
         /Echo06-Meyer.txt                   -- A reference letter from 
                                                Thomas Meyer of EDS.
         /PricingSun.txt                     -- Pricing and Ordering info
                                                for SPARCstation/SunOS.
         /PricingDos.txt                     -- Pricing and Ordering info
                                                for i80x86/MS-DOS.
         /PricingNRE.txt                     -- PDC's NRE and Consulting
                                                rates and terms.
         /ResearchProgramme.txt              -- Discounts and Terms for
                                                Research institutions.


==============================================================================





 _     _     ____   _         ____ tm ____________________________________
 \\   /     |    \   \       |    \       \\\\ 
  \\ /__     \ __ \   \       \ __ \       \\\\ 
   \\    \    \    \   \       \    \       \\\\  
    \\    \    \    \   \       \    \       \\\\  No more than you need !!!
     \\'   \'   \'   \'  '----'  \'   \'      \\\\  No less than you want !!!
      ........................................................................
      Penobscot Development Corp. 50 Princeton Road Arlington Mass. 02174-8253
       voice: +1-617-646-3951  fax: +1-617-646-5753  email: kala@world.std.com




From freytag@seas.gwu.edu (Richard Freytag)
Subject: Looking for <12min, genrl groupware video!
Message-ID: <1993Jan7.120957.13679@seas.gwu.edu>
Followup-To: freytag@seas.gwu.edu
Summary: How to make the gware case to non-technicians
Keywords: video, marketing, groupware, demonstration
Sender: Richard Freytag
Organization: George Washington University
Date: Thu, 7 Jan 1993 12:09:57 GMT
Lines: 18

I need an attractive, attention holding video to explain
to a bunch of non-technicians who will make the decision
what the advantages of groupware can be over the traditional
way of doing things.  The video should not mention any product
by name (well not much, anyway), except as an example.  The
advantages such as discussion facilitation through anonymity
and non-physically colocated meetings should be highlighted.  
These will be the sort of surprising (surprising to my target
audience that is), features of groupware that I'm hoping a 
flashy video will convey effectively.  

Buttress this with viewgraphs and I hope to have a good
pitch.  

Any help would be much appreciated.  I realize this is a 
tall order; but the net has never failed me yet!

-Richard Freytag


From Tom Brinck <hammer@thumper.bellcore.com>
Subject: looking for shared windowing systems
Message-ID: <1993Jan7.232415.26740@walter.bellcore.com>
Sender: news@walter.bellcore.com
Nntp-Posting-Host: bambam.bellcore.com
Organization: Bellcore
Date: Thu, 7 Jan 93 23:24:15 GMT
Lines: 14


I'm looking for a list of shared windowing systems.  Any leads are welcome.

In particular, I'm hoping to find robust software for shared X Windows
that runs on Suns.

Tom

----------------------------------------------
Tom Brinck
Bellcore
(201) 829-5238
hammer@bellcore.com



From fay@archsci.arch.su.oz.au ()
Subject: AAAI-93 WORKSHOP ON AI IN COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
Message-ID: <1993Jan8.064746.28290@ucc.su.OZ.AU>
Sender: news@ucc.su.OZ.AU
Nntp-Posting-Host: archsci.arch.su.edu.au
Reply-To: fay@archsci.arch.su.oz.au ()
Organization: Dept of Architectural & Design Science, University of Sydney, Australia
Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1993 06:47:46 GMT
Lines: 171

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

                         CALL FOR PARTICIPATION

            THE AAAI-93 WORKSHOP ON AI IN COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
       in conjunction with AAAI-93, Washington DC, 11-16 July 1993

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Design is recognised as being among the most complex of the intelligent 
human endeavors. AI in design has helped to develop renewed interest
in design research and design computing by providing a symbolic
approach to modeling complex recognition and decision making. Until
recently, most AI in design research considered design as an activity
carried out by a single person and provided support tools for the
individual. Design, today, is rarely carried out by an individual working
alone, but by individuals or groups working collaboratively. AI addresses
models of problem solving for both individual and multi-agent activities,
and consequently has the potential to shape this developing field. 

This workshop is of particular interest at this time because there is an
increasing focus on the use of AI in design environments but a lack of 
comprehensive models for collaborative design. AI provides representation
and reasoning paradigms which have extended the use of computers in design
beyond graphical CAD and numerical analysis towards knowledge-based
systems. Current developments in collaborative design focus on
communication among individuals or processes across multiple domains,
where collaboration can occur among homogeneous or heterogeneuos design
views. Where AI-based design process models address an individual's
multiple views, AI-based collaborative design must focus on merging and
communication multiple views across multiple individuals.

The organisers of this workshop provide two distinct perspectives on the
topic of AI in collaborative design. One perspective is to view it as an
AI problem, the other is to view it as a design problem. This workshop
will bring together AI researchers and professionals interested in
design problem solving and design researchers and professionals who 
use AI techniques.

Objectives
----------

The main objectives of this workshop are to provide a forum for
researchers and practitioners in the field of artificial intelligence in
collaborative design, to discuss state-of-the-art experimental research,
and to set a new agenda for future research and development in the
field.

Topics
------

The workshop will focus on the following issues:
* DAI in collaborative design
* languages for communication and cooperation
* representation and communication of design intent
* intelligent user interfaces for groupwork
* intelligent synchronous multimedia interaction
* models for developing groupware
* symbolic approaches to visual reasoning
* recognition of emergence of new properties

Format of the Workshop
----------------------

The workshop is designed to have a round-table format. Up to four
presentations selected from the submitted papers will be given. The
presentations will act as catalysts for discussion.

Attendance
----------

Attendance at the workshop will be restricted to people who submit
papers. The number of attendees will be limited.

Submission Details
------------------

Four copies of either full papers (maximum 20 pages) or extended
abstracts (approximately 5 pages) should be sent either electronically 
or as hard copy to:

     Fay Sudweeks
     Workshop Manager
     Department of Architectural and Design Science
     University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
     Fax: +61-2-692 3031  Phone: +61-2-692 2328
     Email: fay@chomsky.arch.su.edu.au

Timetable
---------

Notification of intention to participate  As soon as possible
Full papers or extended abstracts due     March 12, 1993
Notification of acceptance                April 2, 1993
Revised, camera-ready copy due            April 30, 1993

Workshop Chairs
---------------

     John S. Gero
     Design Computing Unit
     University of Sydney
     NSW 2006 Australia
     Fax: +61-2-692 3031  Phone: +61-2-692 2328
     Email: john@archsci.arch.su.edu.au

     Mary Lou Maher
     Design Computing Unit
     University of Sydney
     NSW 2006 Australia
     Fax: +61-2-692 3031  Phone: +61-2-692 4108
     Email: mary@archsci.arch.su.edu.au

Workshop Committee
------------------

     Mark Fox
     University of Toronto
     msf@ie.utoronto.ca

     Barbara Hayes-Roth
     Stanford University
     bhr@hpp.stanford.edu

     D. Sriram
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology
     sriram@athena.mit.edu

########################################################################

NOTIFICATION FORM -- AAAI-93 Workshop on AI in Collaborative Design
[Please return as soon as possible.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

I INTEND TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS WORKSHOP.

Proposed title of my paper/abstract:____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Title (Prof/Dr/Mr/Ms):___________

Given name:______________________ Family Name:__________________________

Address:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Email:__________________________________________________________________

Fax:___________________________________ Phone:__________________________


Please return to:

FAY SUDWEEKS
Conference Manager, AAAI-93 Workshop on AI in Collaborative Design
Department of Architectural and Design Science
University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
Email: fay@archsci.arch.su.edu.au
Fax: +61-2-692-3031  Phone: +61-2-692-2328

########################################################################

--------------
  Fay Sudweeks  -----  Department of Architectural and Design Science 
  University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia ----- Tel (61) (2) 692 2328 
  Fax (61) (2) 692 3031 -------- Internet: fay@chomsky.arch.su.edu.au


From kling@ics.uci.edu (Rob Kling)
Subject: Review of book about email: Connections
Message-ID: <9301080841.ab23283@q2.ics.uci.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.groupware,comp.infosystems
Lines: 302
Date: 8 Jan 93 16:41:20 GMT


                               Review of

                              Connections:
           New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization.
             Lee Sproull and Sara Kiesler. MIT Press, 1991

              Reviewed by Rob Kling[*,**] and Lisa Covi[*]

            Department of Information and Computer Science*
                                  and
                         Center for Research on
               Information Technology and Organizations**
                   University of California, Irvine.
                            Irvine, Ca 92717

                        Draft 4 -- January 1993

To appear: The Information Society, 9(1) (Jan-Feb 1993).

=========================================
Electronic mail (email) use is one of the important emergent
phenomena of computerization. Email capabilities have often been
treated as minor additions to computer systems with more social
roles. Yet many professional and managers have found them to be
the most important capabilities of their computer systems (Bullen
and Bennett, 1991, Ladner, 1992). There is a small body of
systematic research about the ways that email use can alter
social relations. But it has been relatively unknown to many
professionals and managers who have significant interests in or
responsibilities for these technologies.

A book like Connections is long overdue. Lee Sproull and Sara
Kiesler, along with Tora Bikson, Roxanne Hiltz, Robert Kraut,
Lynne Markus, and Ron Rice are among the pioneers who have been
studying how social behavior is altered when people and
organizations depend upon electronic media for business
communication.

Connections examines how the use of email and computer
conferencing within organizations alters social relationships.
The book is usefully modest in scope, and is aimed primarily at a
professional audience. Sproull and Kiesler focus on behavior
inside organizations rather than upon the numerous forms of
electronic media, including public access systems such as
Compuserve, community bulletin boards, or the Internet. Even so,
readers who are interested in social behavior on these public
access networks can find new insights in Connections.

Sproull and Kiesler provide a sophisticated understanding of how
managing people using email differs from managers' often vague
expectations of "increased productivity."  They argue that email
doesn't just substitute one communication means for another, but
has far more significant social effects. Email increases people's
connections within and outside their organizations. It transforms
the social relationships between people who connect
electronically rather than just face to face not only by
increasing the ease and frequency of interaction, but also
democratizing group discussion.

The window into a highly-connected environment this book provides
is important for people less well-versed in the technology to
help avoid common embarrassment such as sending "private"
messages that may be printed on public printers by any recipient,
inadvertently responding to all members of a list instead of to
the sender, and adopting inappropriate personas in public forums.
The book's ethnographic content is unique among email texts.

The first two chapters are devoted to describing how email
creates an immediate "first-level effect" of increasing
efficiency by reducing the costs of sharing information, and
accelerating and regularizing information flow.  The real news in
their argument is contained in their description of "second-level
effects" in which electronic communication alters attention,
contact, interdependence, roles and information exchange.

The authors support their theses through engaging examples of
group coordination and behavior cues in real copies of email and
systematic studies.  During the last 10 years, they have
developed an important program of empirical research on the ways
that groups use electronic media, and the consequences of this
use. They organize their research by building on a 40 year
tradition of experimental work on small group behavior carried
out by social psychologists. The results of Sproull, Kiesler and
their colleagues extends that tradition to give useful insights
into these newer forms of electronic group work.

For example, small group researchers have found that groups are
much more likely to make riskier decisions than the individual
members would have if they acted alone. Sproull and Kiesler's
experiments build on this theme to examine whether groups which
communicate over electronic media make decisions that are more
conservative or riskier than groups in face-to-face meetings.
Kiesler and Sproull marshal interesting evidence to show that
electronic groups often behave differently than face-to-face
groups, even when they work on similar tasks.  Electronic groups
are less dominated by the amount of talk generated by the higher
status participants. But participants get less ongoing feedback
in body language, and consequently, they engage in less
conventional behavior. Participants are sometimes much less
polite with each other, and take much more extreme positions. The
authors report that small electronic groups can take from 4-10
times as long as face-to-face groups to develop a consensus.  The
decisions were often riskier, but participants trusted them as
much as they did the more conventional decisions made in face-to-
face groups.

A key element is Sproull and Kiesler's argument that electronic
media "lack" the social cues which regulate interpersonal
behavior. When people communicate with electronic media, they
have more trouble imagining what others are feeling because they
don't see nods or grimaces, or hear murmurs of approval or grunts
of dismay in the middle of their sentences. Further, they argue
that electronic communicants do not see symbols of the social
status of a meetings' participants, and consequently are less
constrained by them. We find this argument interesting, but not
completely convincing. Blank paper provides no more social cues
than do computer screens. But people often embellish paper and
screens with clues about their status and orientations. In
addition, experienced email users often embellish their messages
with some crude signifiers of emotions (sigh, grin). Further, as
a discussion continues, people learn about other's perceptions.
Also, one of the reasons electronic meeting may take longer than
face to face meetings is because many people can talk faster than
they can type. It is more accurate to say that people who
communicate with text-based email or paper are likely to have
fewer social cues about each other's social position and
reactions than do people who communicate face-to-face. Kiesler
and Sproull do a superb job of helping us understand the way that
reduced social cues alter the behavior of groups and their
decisions. (The reader who is interested in more recent research
on this theme should see Lynne Markus' article.)

The exploration of cues can prove useful in educating people who
find that the traditional cues of their position are absent in
their email interaction.  Novices or people who only occasionally
use email can use "Connections" to avoid the pitfalls of creating
negative cues through Sproull and Kiesler's observations in
chapter 5.  For example, by illustrating the ephemerality of the
medium, the authors induce people who are concerned about their
status to be more conscious of the way the message "looks" and
how its image is entwined with what it is trying to say.  This is
particularly important for those who have assistants handle their
correspondence.

In modern organizations, people use many means to communicate,
including face-to-face, memos, telephone, and email. Each of
these offers different possibilities for developing a position,
learning how others feel, and obtaining other cues. Often,
participants who have on-going relationships will use two or more
of these media. Kiesler and Sproull open the question about how
groups that use many or all of these media behave in contrast
with those that rely only upon the convention non-digital media.
They propose four principles to create an optimal environment for
a networked organization: view people as people instead of users,
provide open access to people and information, offer diverse
forums for people to interact, and promote information exchange
through policies and incentives.  Connections outlines key policy
and infrastructure choices in a way that can be understood by
both systems managers and upper managers.

Connections pulses with a lyrical enthusiasm for new
communication technologies while periodically pausing to give
readers helpful cautionary insights. Sproull and Kiesler are
generally promoters of electronic communication. Their enthusiasm
guides their emphasis upon some topics at the expense of others.
For example, while they emphasize the ways that electronic media
facilitate new social contacts, they lightly touch on the ways
that professionals and managers in organizations which depend
heavily upon email can collect 30 or more messages a day, and
spend hours responding to those that do require responses or
attention. Further, a professional or manager in such an
organization can return from a 7 day trip to find an enticing
platter of 300 messages filling his electronic mailbox.

It is worth mentioning a few key gaps in the book.  First,
Connections doesn't pay much attention to the issues of
information overload, privacy, misinformation, system breakdowns,
the distribution of competencies, and technical risks, even
though some of these are mentioned. This is a pathbreaking book
that shows how the use of email can be studied empirically and
conceptualized. But there is much important work for followon
studies. These missing topics can be of considerable consequence
in organizational life. For example, organizations may use mail
systems very differently when either mail systems are common and
seamless or mail systems vary from one division to another, and
many messages are lost, delayed or garbled when crossing the mail
system boundaries.

The book also ignores some possibly important elements of system
designs. For example, chapters 1, 5, and 7 examine communication
via distribution lists. However, the authors don't mention that
distribution lists can load one's mailbox with numerous
relatively unimportant messages.  There are alternative
communication architectures, such as bulletin boards, which don't
automatically add messages to one's in-box. But they require
efforts to access, and messages can disappear from the centrally
stored bulletin board before very casual readers scan them. This
architectural difference, with resulting differences in style of
information management, probably plays a key role in how many
electronic groups one can participate in, either seriously or
very casually.

Similarly, Connections doesn't examine issues of long term
information management with electronic communication. When key
communications are in electronic form, people often try to
archive them, and can build collections of hundreds or thousands
of message files. Unfortunately, many of today's email systems
don't provide good tools for managing such archives. It should
not surprise us that organizations that adopt electronic systems
with high quality archiving and search capabilities may behave
differently than those in which managing electronic communication
is a timeconsuming nuisance.

Last, Connections focusses on the groups that use email for
meetings and other work. In many organizations, only a fraction
of people use email routinely. Email connects some people much
more effectively than others, and can reshape the communication
infrastructure of social systems. When and how do people's more
and less active participation in email use alter the way that
whole organizations behave? For some organizational members,
routine email use by others disconnects them from significant
aspects of organizational life. This is an important topic that
would  require a different form of study. It again indicates a
kind of topic which reading this book inspired us to consider
more carefully.


As a collection, the topics listed above are less amenable to the
kinds of experimental studies which form the evidentiary core of
Connections. But they illustrate the range of issues which can
shape the way that organizational participants use email systems,
and consequently, the way that organizational practices hinge of
key details of systems in use, not just generic system features.
For example, the default editor for the mail system used by a
major US bank is a crude line-editor. The clumsiness of the
editor discourages people from sending messages more than a few
lines in length. Message length could be influenced by other
considerations, since many people want to send and receive only
short messages. And there can be costs for people who have to
read numerous long messages. But in this case, it seems that the
limitations of a specific mail system, rather than overwork or
collective preferences for short messages favors electronic
communication via brief notes. And brief notes favor some
"connections" more than others. Brief notes may also be cryptic
and thus foster miscommunication. Bullen and Bennett (1991)
reported that participants in their study almost universaly
valued email, even when the systems were clumsy. But followon
research could examine whether certain kinds of system
constraints alter the forms of commuication and the resulting
social value of email.

These gaps indicate how Connections opens up possibilities for a
rich array of systematic empirical research about the way that
email systems influence organizational behavior. But the
professional reader will find a sufficient number of cues and
clues about these matters to find the book to be an invaluable
resource now. The book is especially important to help bring the
dynamics of electronic group communication to the attention of
practicing managers. Most managers that we know who are
interested in email are preoccupied with basic and important
operational questions about access patterns, gateways, pricing,
system maintenance, security practices and archiving. They
haven't yet given much attention to how their human organizations
may change after they get the mail to flow smoothly, and everyone
to depend upon it for numerous routine communications.

Scholars  who wish to follow up these topics will find rich ideas
and data in Connections. The bibliography is also superb for a
professional book. But it is a bit too selective for scholars who
want to delve more deeply into electronic communication in
organizations. Key citations to important studies of electronic
communication media use by other prolific scholars are missing
from the references.

Connections concludes with a chapter to help managers start up
computer networks inside their own organizations. But Connections
is not a simple technologically utopian tract. Sproull and
Kiesler's analyses make practical recommendations on strengths nd
pitfalls of the electronic communication in various
circumstances. Connections is a pioneering book that every
manager or professional who is interested in the use of
electronic communication must read. And it's a provocative book
for scholars as well. The new and inexpensive paperback edition
makes the book easily accessible to virtually anyone with a
serious interest in email and organizational life.

References


Bullen, Christine and John Bennett. 1991.  Groupware in Practice:
     An Interpretation of Work Experience" in Dunlop, Charles and
     and Rob Kling (Ed). 1991. Computerization and Controversy:
     Value Conflicts and Social Choices. Boston: Academic Press.

Ladner, Sharyn and Hope Tillman. 1992. "How Special Librarians
     Really Use the Internet: Summary of Findings and
     Implications for  the Library of the Future" Canadian
     Library Journal, 49(3), 211-216.

Markus, Lynne "Electronic Mail as a Medium of Managerial Choice"
     (Organizational Science (forthcoming).


From sam@esl.com (Samuel Hahn)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: looking for shared windowing systems
Message-ID: <1910@esl.ESL.COM>
Date: 11 Jan 93 19:05:02 GMT
References: <1993Jan7.232415.26740@walter.bellcore.com>
Sender: news@esl.ESL.COM
Reply-To: Samuel Hahn <sam@esl.com>
Lines: 15
Nntp-Posting-Host: avalon

In article <1993Jan7.232415.26740@walter.bellcore.com>  
hammer@thumper.bellcore.com (Tom Brinck) writes:
> 
> I'm looking for a list of shared windowing systems.  Any leads are welcome.
> 
> In particular, I'm hoping to find robust software for shared X Windows
> that runs on Suns.
> 
> Tom

Tom -- I believe (though I haven't ever used it) that HP has something called  
Shared-X.  I don't know if it runs on just any X environment.  Try them; let  
me know if you like it.

-- Samuel Hahn


From John W Gintell <j.gintell@bull.com>
Subject: Re: GroupKit?
Organization: Bull - US Applied Research Lab
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 00:19:16 GMT
Message-ID: <1993Jan12.001916.19980@mips2.ma30.bull.com>
X-Useragent: Nuntius v1.1.1d12
References: <1993Jan8.172421.15436@utagraph.uta.edu>
Sender: news@mips2.ma30.bull.com (Usenet News Manager)
X-Xxdate: Mon, 11 Jan 93 19:21:24 GMT
Lines: 15

Subject: GroupKit?
From: Bob Weems, weems@cse.uta.edu
Date: 8 Jan 93 17:24:21 GMT
In article <1993Jan8.172421.15436@utagraph.uta.edu> Bob Weems,
weems@cse.uta.edu writes:
>Does anyone recall a posting around Oct/Nov 1992 regarding a groupware
>toolkit based on InterViews?  I believe that it was developed
>at Univ. of Toronto.  I have lost my paper copies and cannot
>recall the ftp site.

Try University of Calgary

GroupKit  was described at CSCW 92

send email to roseman@cpsc.calgary.ca for more information


From richard@technology.com (Richard Murphy)
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 05:25:22 GMT
References: <1993Jan7.232415.26740@walter.bellcore.com> <1910@esl.ESL.COM>
Organization: Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
Lines: 15

In article <1910@esl.ESL.COM> Samuel Hahn <sam@esl.com> writes:
>In article <1993Jan7.232415.26740@walter.bellcore.com>  
>hammer@thumper.bellcore.com (Tom Brinck) writes:
>> 
>> I'm looking for a list of shared windowing systems.  Any leads are welcome.
>> 
>> In particular, I'm hoping to find robust software for shared X Windows
>> that runs on Suns.
>> 
>> Tom
It may not be what you need, but the XMX X-window multiplexor software
from Brown University allows you to share the output of your windows.
Input is from one window only.

R. Murphy


From lacroix@heron.bellcore.com (Michel Lacroix)
Subject: groupware tools in sw development
Message-ID: <1993Jan12.171510.14560@walter.bellcore.com>
Sender: lacroix@heron (Michel Lacroix)
Nntp-Posting-Host: heron.bellcore.com
Organization: Morristown Research and Engineering
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 93 17:15:10 GMT
Lines: 13


Is there anyone having some experience with using groupware tools in
software development projects?

In a former life, I used the Notesfile system, for design discussions
(although the final decisions were taken in a meeting), keeping
track of open issues, and displaying the current project plan with the
status of the different tasks.

I would be particularly interested in hearing about experiences with
more recent commercial tools or even experimental ones.

Michel Lacroix


From allison@hal.COM (Dennis Allison)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Call for Papers -- GroupWare '93 USA
Message-ID: <1ivpgnINN205@sumeru.hal.com>
Date: 13 Jan 93 00:59:03 GMT
Organization: HaL Computer Systems, Inc.
Lines: 47
NNTP-Posting-Host: sumeru.hal.com

GROUPWARE '93 
Conference Announcement and Call for Papers

GroupWare '92 featured over 130 speakers and 55 exhibitors representing
almost 200 groupware solutions.  The demand for infomration on
groupware and workgroup solutions is growing as groupware becomes more
commercial.  GroupWare '93 is an industry event positioned to help meet 
that demand.  Groupware '93 will be held on August 9-13, 1993 at the
San Jose Convention Center, San Jose, CA.

The conference will feature a full day of 16 tutorials by consultants, analysts,
and industry experts.  A wide variety of general sessions, 3-4 topic-oriented tracks, 
computer-mediated discussions and workshoips will comprise the 60 sessions of this
second annual conference.  To be considered for time for a presentation,, tutorial,
workshop, por electronic discussion at GroupWare '93, a 100 word abstract and 50-word
biography must be submitted to the address below by January 15, 1993.  Abstracts may be
submitted by mail, FAX or electronic mail; to be considered you must include full
contact information (Name, title, phone, fax, address, and alternate contacts).

Suggested Topic for GroupWare 93:

. User groupware experiences			. Internationalizing groupware
. Groupware in the enterprise			. E-mail Standards
. Groupware adoption Issues			. Groupware licensing and distribution
. Groupware development environments		. Automated scheduling
. Groupware applications frameworks		. SGML and groupware
. Database foundations for groupware		. Workflow products and issues
. Cooperative documents and spreadsheets	. Groupware market trends
. Security and Groupware			. Groupware options for decision support
. Groupware and multimedia			. Groupware in document and image management
. Topics for electronic meeting room discussions
. Vendor collaboration in the groupware environment of the 1990's

All speakers selected by the program committee and participating in the
conference will have the $795 conference fee waived.  All abstracts and
proposal should be sent to

David Coleman, Conference Chairman
GroupWare '93
1470 DeHaro Street
San Francisco, CA  94107
Fax (415) 550-8556
MCI Mail 402-6507
Internet davidc121@aol.com

For information on exhibiting or conference logistics contact The Conference Group,
(800) 247-0262 or (602) 661-1260.


From allison@hal.COM (Dennis Allison)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Call for Papers -- GroupWare '93 Europe
Message-ID: <1ivpdiINN1uf@sumeru.hal.com>
Date: 13 Jan 93 00:57:21 GMT
Organization: HaL Computer Systems, Inc.
Lines: 49
NNTP-Posting-Host: sumeru.hal.com

GROUPWARE '93 Europe
Conference Announcement and Call for Papers

GroupWare '92 featured over 130 speakers and 55 exhibitors representing
almost 200 groupware solutions.  The demand for infomration on
groupware and workgroup solutions is growing as groupware becomes more
commercial.  GroupWare '93 Europe is an executive conference focused on
commercial groupware solutions for the enterprise, benefits, pitfalls,
and options.  This event will be held in three cities in Europe in the
first two weeks of May (Stockholm May 5-6, London May 10-11, Frankfurt
May 13-14).

Each two-day conference will feature general sessions, break-out
sessions and team-oriented laboratories for hands-on business case
studies using groupware products.  To be considered for time for a
presentation at GroupWare '93 Europe, a 100-word abstract and 50-word
biography must be submitted to the address listed below by January 15,
1993.  Abstracts may be submitted by mail, FAX, or electronic mail; you
must include full contact information (name, title, phone, fax,
address abd alternate contacts) to be considered.

Suggested Topic for GroupWare 93:

. User groupware experiences			. Internationalizing groupware
. Groupware in the enterprise			. E-mail Standards
. Groupware adoption Issues			. Groupware licensing and distribution
. Groupware development environments		. Automated scheduling
. Groupware applications frameworks		. SGML and groupware
. Database foundations for groupware		. Workflow products and issues
. Cooperative documents and spreadsheets	. Groupware market trends
. Security and Groupware			. Groupware options for decision support
. Groupware and multimedia			. Groupware in document and image management
. Topics for electronic meeting room discussions
. Vendor collaboration in the groupware environment of the 1990's

All speakers selected by the program committee and participating in the
conference will have the conference fee waived.  All abstracts and
proposal should be sent to

David Coleman, Conference Chairman
GroupWare '93
1470 DeHaro Street
San Francisco, CA  94107
Fax (415) 550-8556
MCI Mail 402-6507
Internet davidc121@aol.com

For information on exhibiting or conference logistics contact The Conference Group,
(602) 661-1260.


From david@ruc.dk (David Stodolsky)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware,news.answers
Subject: Introduction to comp.groupware (Periodic informational Posting)
Supersedes: <groupware-intro_725695331@athena.mit.edu>
Followup-To: comp.groupware
Date: 13 Jan 1993 06:02:24 GMT
Organization: Roskilde University
Lines: 321
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
Distribution: world
Expires: 10 Feb 1993 06:02:16 GMT
Message-ID: <groupware-intro_726904936@athena.mit.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pit-manager.mit.edu
Summary: Guidelines for posting to the Usenet newsgroup comp.groupware.
Keywords: CSCW, orgware, group, interactive, shared, environments
X-Last-Updated: 1992/10/06

Archive-name: groupware-intro
Last-modified: 1992/10/6
Version: 1.2

Please read carefully:
Any article posted to comp.groupware uses a minimum of ten hours of
readers' time. Do not post test messages to comp.groupware (see section
5 below). 

This article is posted automatically every 14 days to introduce the
group to the more than one thousand new readers that have subscribed
during that period. 

---------------- Contents (and revision information) ------------

Sections in this article (Revised in last modification)

0. Groupware is software and hardware for shared interactive
environments. (Revised ordering of paragraphs)
1. Set your distribution to "world".
2. Sign your article.
3. Comp.groupware is being archived. (Revised)
4. If you are posting copyrighted work...
5. Authors should refer to "Guidelines for posting on Usenet"...
(Revised)
6. When you reply to a message, do not change the subject line...
7. Comp.groupware is read by over 47,000 people.

------------ End of Contents (and revision information) ----------


0. Groupware is software and hardware for shared interactive
environments.

The term "environment" includes software and hardware that sets the
context for interaction. Hardware can include specially designed
furnishings and architectural spaces that are considered integral to
correct utilization of a given software application. A groupware
application may require a specific organizational environment to
function as expected. More powerful applications can adapt to, or
overcome limitations of, their environments.

The term "interactive" is used to indicate that time constraints are
managed by the system. Many groupware applications appear to support
real-time interaction. Others merely enforce deadlines that can span
weeks. In either case, the technical limitations on the pace of
interaction are made (to appear) negligible in terms of the objectives
of the application. Systems that exclude reference to real time are not
groupware applications.

The term "shared" indicates that two or more participants interact with
one another in such a manner that each person influences and is
influenced by each other person. No upper limit in the number of
participants is indicated, because mediated groups, as opposed to
natural ones, can maintain joint awareness with very large numbers of
persons. (Joint awareness is one way that "group" is defined.) An
objective of some groupware applications is to increase the number of
persons that can interact "as a group".

Some definitions of groupware include the notion of a common goal. While
all systems require some agreement among participants (at minimum that
they should be jointly used), interactions can be predominately
conflictual. Management of conflict is often a crucial feature of a
groupware system. Vote collecting systems are an example.

Definitions:

Group - Two or more persons who are interacting
with one another in such a manner that each person
influences and is influenced by each other person
(Shaw, M. E. _Group dynamics: The psychology of
small group behaviour_. 1976, p. 11).

Ware - 1 a) manufactured articles, products of art
or craft.... b) an article of merchandise.... 3) an
intangible item (as a service) that is a marketable
commodity. (_Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary_,
1976, p. 1319).


1. Set your distribution to "world". Comp.groupware is delivered to all
continents. Do not limit your chances for feedback by restricting
distribution. Restricted distribution can cause confusion when people
read responses to articles they have not seen. If you notice an article
has a restricted distribution, inform the poster by mail.

If you are restricted from posting to "world" by your administrator,
request a change in your privileges, at least for this newsgroup. If
refused, determine what your rights are in terms of appeal, based upon
information available at your site. An alternative is to use the Net to
find information and persons to contact concerning your rights. 
Try the newsgroups:

comp.org.eff.news
comp.org.eff.talk
misc.legal.computing
alt.society.civil-liberty
alt.comp.acad-freedom.news
alt.society.cu-digest

A frequently asked questions file can be retrieved by sending email to:
archive-server@eff.org, 
include the line "send caf-faq netnews.writing".
Information about the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) can be
requested from eff@eff.org. You can also retrieve information about EFF
and its projects via anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org.

As a final resort, send a summary of your case to:

Carl Kadie (kadie@eff.org)
Electronic Frontier Foundation
155 Second Street
Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
Tel.: +1 (617) 864-0665
Fax: +1 (617) 864-0866.

If you can send email off-site, you can post using a Usenet-news mail
server. Email to "comp-groupware@ucbvax.berkeley.edu" is posted with the
subject line of your letter becoming the subject line of the article.
(Note: "." in the newsgroup name is written as "-".) This allows you to
post to a newsgroup even if you have read-only access to Network News.


2. Sign your article. Each name should have one and only one user. If
the article is a joint product, indicate this at the beginning and end
of the article. Some news reading programs allow certain names to be to
be automatically selected. Help the reader by using the same name at all
times. This will improve the chances that people will read your
articles.

The signature should include complete name, address, and telephone
number (this allows quick verification in case forgery is suspected).
E-mail addresses ought to be included in the signature in case headers
get munged. Another nice feature is geographical coordinates, so the
time zone can be determined (useful in telephoning). The signature
should be limited to four lines as is suggested practice on Usenet.


3. Comp.groupware is being archived. Selected discussions will be
reprinted in the _Writings on Computer Science_ (_Datalogiske Skrifter_)
working paper series available from the Institute of Geography,
Socio-economic Analysis, and Computer Science, Roskilde University, Post
Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark (ISSN 0109-9779-xx). Material
appearing in the series can be published elsewhere.

Authors will not be contacted individually before publication, but the
draft will be posted to comp.groupware for comment and correction before
being sent to the printer. All articles will be reproduced exactly as
posted (headers may be included, and parts (e.g., data sets) may be
moved to appendices and other changes making the articles more suitable
for printing may be made).

tvv@ncsc.org (Terry Myerson) began archiving comp.groupware 92.10.6.
The archive is available by anonymous ftp from: 
avs.ncsc.org ( 128.109.178.23 )

in the directory:
~ftp/newsgroups/comp.groupware

The archives are in mail folders named MONTH_YEAR.
For example, to peruse all of the postings in the month of
October, you could download the archive Oct_92, and execute

%       Mail -f Oct_92

Articles from comp.groupware are also available by anonymous FTP from: 
gorm.ruc.dk

in the directory:
~groupware/art/comp/groupware/

Login as "anonymous" and give your user name as your password.
Those without FTP access should send e-mail to:
mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu

with "send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources" in the body to find out
how to do FTP by e-mail.


4. If you are posting copyrighted work, indicate at the beginning of the
article whether permission has been obtained. If you do not want an
article reproduced, indicate this (e.g., Copyright - Net distribution
only).


5. Authors should refer to "Guidelines for posting on Usenet" in the
newsgroup "news.announce.newusers" to make sure they know to spell check
their articles, etc. "Answers to Frequently Asked Questions",
"Introduction to news.announce", "Hints on writing style for Usenet"
available in the same newsgroup also contain information for new users.

Do not post test messages to comp.groupware. There are special groups
for testing. And tests should be as limited in their distribution as
possible. This is basic information from "Guidelines for posting on
Usenet". Posting of test messages inappropriately is considered abusive
and will cause a loss of readership for your articles.

Always use your Subject line to state the *topic* of your article as
completely as possible (e.g., "Macintosh II voice-mail based real-time
meeting software ready.", rather than "Meeting software"). Summary lines
should indicate *what* your message says about the topic (e.g., "New
meeting coordination software available via anonymous FTP"). Statements
should always end with periods, questions with question marks
(typically), and high energy, high impact declarations with exclamation
points. These rules makes articles much easier for recipients to handle
appropriately. 

If you ask a question, your subject line should include "question",
"query", "(Q)" or should end with a "?". Questions should clearly
explain your problem and surrounding issues. Otherwise, you will simply
waste the time of those who want to help you. Tell people the kind of
work you are doing or contemplating doing. This helps them provide the
information you need. Indicate what efforts, if any, you have made thus
far, and what information was found.

Subject, Summary, and Keyword headers are scanned by many news reading
programs, thus permitting readers to find your article easily. You will
have your articles read more often if you select these carefully.


6. When you reply to a message, do not change the subject line or
redirect follow-ups (unless you are changing the subject).  Such changes
make it harder for some news readers to follow the threads in a
discussion. Include a "Summary" line which indicates specifically what
your message says. This permits your article to be found even if it is a
follow-up to an article with poorly chosen subject and keyword
information.

Please, do not post responses to articles you feel are inappropriate or
abusive. (If you can not resist, consider alt.flame as an alternative
newsgroup for your article [it has greater readership than
comp.groupware]). If the author is not saying anything worth reading,
enter the name in your "kill" file, and then no more of your time will
be wasted by that person. If you feel that the author is saying
something worth reading, but in an inappropriate way, respond by mail.
Tell the author what you think is incorrect about the article. If
possible, suggest how to accomplish the objective in an appropriate way
(e. g., post to another newsgroup). If you have responded to a person by
mail a few times without the desired effect, and you feel that the group
as a whole could benefit by a solution to the problem, only then should
you post an article.  The nature of your article should be a suggestion,
if possible, of how such problems can be avoided in the future.


7. Comp.groupware is read by over 47,000 people. Consider the cost to
readers of any post. If even an obviously inappropriate article is
distributed, one that just takes readers a few seconds to scan, and then
skip or kill, the total time used is still large. With 36,000 readers, a
post that takes an average of 1 second for each reader to deal with (i.
e., examining the subject line) means a total of ten hours used (36,000
seconds / 3,600 seconds/hour = 10 hours). If the article uses up an
average of four seconds, then the total time expenditure is 40 hours,
the equivalent of a work week. This is probably the minimum time
expenditure on any article that is even selected for scanning. So, if
you spend a week preparing an article and then post it to
comp.groupware, there will be a balance between your time investment and
that used by readers, even if they only scan your article and make no
response. The lack of a separate feedback channel is an unfortunate
deficiency in the Network News system as it is currently structured.

This analysis should not discourage anyone from posting a simple
question. Some of the most interesting and valuable exchanges in
comp.groupware have resulted from such questions. However, authors must
not make such requests unnecessarily. On the other hand, a carefully
prepared article or a report of an extensive project may not receive any
comment at all. This could mean that the article is clear and error
free. It could also mean it was not of sufficient interest to anyone to
be read in detail. What can be assumed is that it was seriously
considered. This is a result of the currently low traffic level in
comp.groupware and high quality of articles posted.

If your email reply to an author fails, try again using information in
the signature lines. An X.500 directory information server can be
consulted to find a person's email address. Read the informational
article, "How to find people's email addresses" (in the newsgroup
"news.answers"), so you know to contact the postmaster at the site of
the person you are trying to reach, and so on. Do not post a reply until
you have tried to reach the author by telephone, facsimile, or paper
mail. If these fail, ask yourself if getting the reply through is worth
ten hours of readers' time. If so, post the message. Do not post a
message asking a person to send you an email address, unless your letter
must be kept private (If this is true, consider using encryption). If it
is not of general interest, use only the person's name as the subject
(e.g., "To: Foo Bar"). If other readers might find it interesting, also
give full subject information. 

Similarly, do not broadcast requests for information you can obtain from
a known source. Requests such as, "What are the contents of book Foo
published by Bar" are not appropriate. This information can normally be
obtained by a short telephone call and a few minutes of work by someone
being paid to provide that service. Let's not deprive someone of a job
and at the same time get comp.groupware readers fired because they are
wasting all their time reading unnecessary articles :-).

Post long articles as a single unit if they are less than 30,000
characters. Otherwise, post separate sections as follow-ups to the
first, breaking at meaningful places. This permits the sections to be
treated as a single unit, thus minimizing expenditure of attention on
the article. The cost of transmitting articles is negligible, so long
posts that take one second to delete "cost" the same as short ones.

Disregarding these considerations or a lack of self discipline in
following them will result in defensive attention management. That is,
certain authors will not be read at all by many readers or valuable
discussions will take place by email instead of being posted. This would
have the unfortunate effect of fractionating the joint awareness that
permits the comp.groupware readership to function as a group. Thus, it
is recommended that authors who prefer entertainment to rigor in their
news reading, post to other newsgroups.

-------

This article compiled with assistance from numerous readers of
comp.groupware.

Corrections, comments, and suggestions to:

David S. Stodolsky                Messages: + 45 46 75 77 11 x 24 41
Department of Computer Science                 Tel: + 45 31 95 92 82
Bldg. 20.1, Roskilde University Center        Internet: david@ruc.dk
Post Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark        Fax: + 45 46 75 42 01


From roseman@fsc.cpsc.ucalgay.ca (Mark Roseman)
Subject: Re: GroupKit?
In-Reply-To: John W Gintell's message of Tue, 12 Jan 1993 00:19:16 GMT
Message-ID: <ROSEMAN.93Jan12103913@fsc.cpsc.ucalgay.ca>
Sender: news@cpsc.ucalgary.ca (News Manager)
Organization: /home/grads/roseman/.organization
References: <1993Jan8.172421.15436@utagraph.uta.edu>
	<1993Jan12.001916.19980@mips2.ma30.bull.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 17:39:13 GMT
Lines: 9

groupkit is available for ftp at cpsc.ucalgary.ca as /pub/GroupKit1.0.tar.Z
which includes the toolkit, a whole pile of little examples, and a large
set of docs.
mark
--
==============================================================================
Mark Roseman  --- Groupware'R'Us
Dept. of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.  T2N 1N4
(403) 220-7691   roseman@cpsc.ucalgary.ca    Fax: (403) 284-4707


From prs9k@brain.med.virginia.edu (Phil Scarr)
Subject: Looking for group-based doc management system
Message-ID: <1993Jan13.154420.15295@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
Organization: Neuroclinical Trials Center, University of Virginia
Date: Wed, 13 Jan 1993 15:44:20 GMT
Lines: 12

Our office is looking for group-based document management software which
will work with our current installation of WordPerfect users.  We need
to register versions of documents and archive old versions.  Any help in
this area would be greatly appreciated.

	-Phil
-- 
PHIL SCARR        \      We are Microsoft...     /          (o) 804.243.0229
 University of    /     OS/2 is irrelevant.      \          (f) 804.243.0290
 Virginia,        \     UNIX is irrelevant.      /        prs9k@Virginia.EDU
 Neurosurgery     /     Openness is futile.      \     prs9k@Virginia.BITNET
 HP-UX is my life!\ Prepare to be assimilated... /   ...uunet!virginia!prs9k


From colston@gid.co.uk (Colston Sanger)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware,comp.cog-eng,comp.human-factors,uk.events
Subject: UK CSCW SIG seminar on Space in Cooperative Settings, 2nd announcement
Keywords: CSCW, seminar, space
Message-ID: <365@sixnine.gid.co.uk>
Date: 13 Jan 93 16:09:01 GMT
Followup-To: poster
Organization: GID Ltd, Upper Basildon, Reading, UK
Lines: 276

UK CSCW SIG

The Importance of Space in Cooperative Settings

Joint meeting with the British HCI Group

10.00 a.m., Tuesday, 26 January, 1993

Venue:  Department of Trade & Industry
Kingsgate House, 66-74 Victoria Street
London SW1
   
This meeting sets out to explore the role of space in cooperative work.
At a microscopic level, spatial settings might provide a means of effectively
and naturally managing conversations.  At a macroscopic level, a spatial
metaphor might be more appropriate for some applications than the more
common office desktop metaphor, particularly where those applications
involve the organisation of large-scale cooperative work.

Spatial metaphors, particularly `rooms' metaphors, have become increasingly 
popular in CSCW.  In the next few years, technical developments such as the
advent of affordable Virtual Reality technology will revolutionise human
computer interaction, and will make it possible to build more powerful
representations of these spatial metaphors.

The meeting brings together speakers from diverse backgrounds.
They will address topics such as the social organisation of space and
the affordances provided by space for cooperative work, 
and will share results from CSCW projects that have utilised spatial metaphors.
It is expected that there will be one or more demonstrations from these
projects, and also of the upcoming Virtual Reality systems.

Organiser:  Steve Benford, University of Nottingham


Note:  For security reasons the DTI stipulates that attendance is by prior
registration only. Please complete and return a registration form or contact:

Patrick Holligan
LUTCHI Research Centre
Tel: (0509) 222 694 (direct)
E-mail: P.J.Holligan@lut.ac.uk

****************************************************************

P R O G R A M M E

10.00	Coffee, registration

10.30	Introduction
   		Steve Benford, University of Nottingham
   	
10:45  	Investigation of the Social Organisation of Space
		John Hughes, University of Lancaster

11:15	A Space Based Model for User Interaction in Shared Synthetic Environments
   		Lennart Fahlen, Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS)

11:45 	Extending the Space in Media Space: Affordances,
		Multiple-Views and Remote Movement
		Bill Gaver, Xerox EuroPARC

12:15	State of the Art Desktop Virtual Reality (+ demonstration)
   		Andy Tait, Dimension International

12:45   	LUNCH

14:15	CyCo - Cooperation in Cyberspace
   		Robert Ingram, Steve Benford, University of Nottingham

14:45	Developing Spatial Models for Cooperative Work
		John Bowers, University of Manchester

15.15	TEA

15:30	Project BRICC: Building Real Rooms Using Virtual Rooms
		David Leevers, The BICC Group

16:00 	CLOSING DISCUSSION

16:30 	FINISH

***************************************************************
T h e  U K  C S C W   S I G

CSCW SIG Background
In early 1990 the members of the Communication and Distributed Systems and 
Human Interface clubs (both of which are supported by the UK Joint Framework
for Information Technology - JFIT) were simultaneously suggesting that there
was a need for a special interest group to support the growing UK interest in
computer supported cooperative work.  As a result CSCW SIG was founded,
appropriately given the nature of the subject, with the support of both clubs.

CSCW SIG Aims
The aims of CSCW SIG include those of supporting the community of researchers, 
developers, and users of CSCW, and generally assisting the development of
the subject.

CSCW SIG Activities
To date the SIG has focused its activities on providing opportunities for
discussion by organising and running meetings, and the dissemination of
information through publications.

The SIG held its inaugural meeting in May 1990 and to date has held ten
well-supported meetings. The SIG's current programme of meetings for
1993 includes:

  16 March 1993 CSCW Issues for Mobile and Remote Workers
  15 June 1993 CSCW Requirements Capture/Requirements Engineering
  October 1993 Evaluation in CSCW

The SIG has made substantial efforts to ensure that the results of its
meetings are disseminated in a public form.  A book series, entitled
`The Computer Supported Cooperative Work Series', has been negotiated,
in conjunction with the British Computer Society, for publication by
Springer-Verlag London Ltd. The series will be launched in early 1993
and an advance information leaflet and order form is now available.

CSCW SIG Membership
Membership of CSCW SIG stands at around eight hundred members: it is open,
free, international, and continues to grow.  All you have to do to join is
ask to be put on the SIG's mailing list.  If you have registered an interest
in the UK JFIT CSCW Programme, you will automatically become a member of
CSCW SIG.

CSCW SIG Organisation
The SIG is run by a small committee, convened by Stephen Scrivener,
which meets roughly twice a year. There are also two working groups,
one dealing with seminars and publications (convened by Dan Diaper
and Colston Sanger), the other dealing with interdisciplinary issues
and research (convened by Mike Sharples).  Other working groups are
envisaged and anyone interested in forming one (e.g., on standards for CSCW)
should contact Stephen Scrivener - Email: S.A.Scrivener@lut.ac.uk.

CSCW SIG and the JFIT Programme
A UK CSCW Programme has been initiated by JFIT (Joint Framework for
Information Technology).  The CSCW SIG will be taking an active part
in support of the JFIT Programme.  At present three main functions for
the SIG are envisaged:

1.	Organisation of seminars etc for programme-specific purposes and
	awareness
2.	Provision of communication links between the JFIT Programme and
	SIG members
3.	Provision of advice and expertise where appropriate.

Further Information
If you would like further information on the CSCW SIG (e.g. future meetings,
book series, working groups etc) or would like to join please contact:
Patrick Holligan, LUTCHI Research Centre, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leics. Tel: (0509) 222694 - Fax: (0509) 610815 
Email: P.J.Holligan@lut.ac.uk

*******************************************************************
                           THE BRITISH HCI GROUP
 
You can keep in touch with developments in Human Computer Interaction,
User Interface Design and related fields by joining the British HCI
Group.  If you consider yourself to be an active member of the User
Interface Design or HCI communities in the UK, or if you are
interested in keeping abreast of this fast moving field, it is both
intellectually and financially well worth while to become a member of
the Group. 
 
The British HCI Group provides a number of useful services to the HCI
community, in particular keeping its members informed about ongoing
developments and HCI events in the UK and worldwide.  It also organises
regular meetings on a variety of topics providing an opportunity for
attendees to find out about interesting research and practice and to
meet others involved the field.  The Group's annual conference is the
main UK event in the User Interface Design and HCI calendar and
includes a variety of useful tutorials for those who want to learn
more about better design and recent advances in the field.  Members
are offered substantial discounts on fees for meetings and the major
conferences in the field.
 
The HCI Group annual membership fee is:
17 pounds for BCS members
22 pounds for non-BCS members
5 pounds for students
 
The fee will bring you a variety of services and benefits including:
 
* A newsletter containing HCI Group news, up to date information about
        what's on, reports on recent events, and book reviews.
* Rapid delivery of the latest news, events and activities via our
        electronic mail distribution list if desired.
* Two thirds off the price of Interacting with Computers: The
        Interdisciplinary Journal of Human-Computer Interaction,
        published by Butterworth-Heineman.  This is a quality,
        international, quarterly journal owned by the HCI Group.
* Discounts on Group meetings, symposia and the annual British HCI,
        and triennial INTERACT conferences.
* A substantial discount on the major, annual, international HCI
        event; the CHIconference.  This includes the INTERCHI'93
        Conference to be held in Amsterdam 24-29th April 1993.
* The Group's Directory of Members, a valuable source of contacts if
        you are looking for expertise, services, or just a like mind.
 
Corporate membership also available (provides 3 copies of the
Newsletter, 3 discounts on day meetings and mailing to a distribution
list for all members of the organisation if desired).
 
Forthcoming events organised by the group in 1993 include:

' Making Human Factors work in organisations'; an HCI Group and the
	Organisational Aspects Special Interest Group of the Human
	Interface Club

'Tools for Usability Evaluation'; a joint meeting between HCI Group
        and the NPL Usability Forum
 
'Graphical UIMS in practice'; an HCI Group meeting

Application forms and further information may be obtained by
contacting:
 
Mr Richard Wilson
Membership Secretary
The British HCI Group
Department of Computing Science
University of Glasgow
GLASGOW G12 8QQ
tel: 041-330 4256
fax: 041-330 4913
email: membsec@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk

*******************************************************************


UK CSCW SIG MEETING

REGISTRATION FORM

The Importance of Space in Cooperative Settings

10.00 a.m., Tuesday, 26 January, 1993

Venue:  Department of Trade & Industry
Kingsgate House, 66-74 Victoria Street
London SW1

I wish to attend the UK CSCW SIG seminar on `The Importance of Space in
Cooperative Settings' and enclose my cheque for  35 UK pounds to cover
registration and refreshments. Please make cheques payable to `CSCW SIG'.
 Invoices and/or receipts can be provided on request. A 50%  discount is
available for bona fide research students.

Please tick opposite if you prefer a vegetarian lunch.                    [   ] 


Name:  ........................................................................

Affiliation:  .................................................................

Address:  .....................................................................

...............................................................................

Tel/Fax/E-mail:  ......................................................

For security reasons the DTI stipulates that attendance is by prior registration
only.  Registrations cannot be accepted after 12 noon on the closing date.
Please complete and return this email form, and send your remittance by the
closing date of Friday, 22 January 1993 to:

Patrick Holligan, LUTCHI Research Centre, Department of Computer Studies, 
Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough LE11 3TU
Tel. 0509 222 694 (direct line) Fax: 0509 610 815 
E-mail:  P.J.Holligan@lut.ac.uk

ENDS
-- 
GID - software engineers to the quality
1 Captain's Gorse, Upper Basildon, Reading, Berks RG8 8SZ, UK
UUCP: colston@gid.co.uk               Tel/Fax: +44 491 671964


From kling@ics.uci.edu (Rob Kling)
Subject: Organizational Analysis in Computer Science
Message-ID: <9301151223.aa11036@q2.ics.uci.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Lines: 1203
Date: 15 Jan 93 20:23:11 GMT

Long: 1200 lines.

I posted a much shorter vesrion whihc will appear in CACM in Feb '93.
Tis version says much more about research in Organizatonal Informatics,
including groupware ....

Best wishes,

/Rob
==========================

              Organizational Analysis in Computer Science

                               Rob Kling
              Department of Information & Computer Science
                                  and
    Center for Research on Infromation Technology and Organizations
                  University of California at Irvine,
                         Irvine, CA 92717, USA
                    kling@ics.uci.edu (714-856-5955)

                  January 13, 1993 [Working Draft 12a]


Note: To appear: The Information Society, 9(2) (Mar-Jun, 1993).


                            ABSTRACT

Computer Science is hard pressed in the US to show broad utility
to help justify billion dollar research programs and the value of
educating well over 40,000 Bachelor of Science  and Master of
Science specialists annually in the U.S. The Computer Science and
Telecommunications Board of the U.S. National Research Council
has recently issued a report, "Computing the Future (Hartmanis
and Lin, 1992)" which sets a new agenda for Computer Science. The
report recommends that Computer Scientists broaden their
conceptions of the discipline to include computing applications
and domains to help understand them. This short paper argues that
many Computer Science graduates need some skills in analyzing
human organizations to help develop appropriate systems
requirements since they are trying to develop high performance
computing applications that effectively support higher
performance human organizations. It is time for academic Computer
Science to embrace organizational analysis (the field of
Organizational Informatics) as a key area of research and
instruction.




                          INTRODUCTION

Computer Science is being pressed on two sides to show broad
utility for substantial research and educational support. For
example, the High Performance Computing Act will provide almost
two billion dollars for research and advanced development. Its
advocates justified it with arguments that specific technologies,
such as parallel computing and wideband nets,  are necessary for
social and economic development. In the US, Computer Science
academic programs award well over 30,000 Bachelor of Science (BS)
and almost 10,000 Master of Science (MS) degrees annually. Some
of these students enter PhD programs and many work on projects
which emphasize mathematical Computer Science. But many of these
graduates also take computing jobs for which they are
inadequately educated, such as helping to develop high
performance computing applications to improve the performance of
human organizations.

These dual pressures challenge leading Computer Scientists to
broaden their conceptions of the discipline to include an
understanding of key application domains, including computational
science and commercial information systems. An important report
that develops this line of analysis, "Computing the Future" (CTF)
(Hartmanis and Lin, 1992), was recently issued by the National
Computing and Telecommunications Board of the U.S. National
Research Council.

CTF is a welcome report that argues that academic Computer
Scientists must acknowledge the driving forces behind the
substantial Federal research support for the discipline. The
explosive growth of computing and demand for CS in the last
decade has been driven by a diverse array of applications and new
modes of computing in diverse social settings.  CTF takes a
strong and useful position in encouraging all Computer Scientists
to broaden our conceptions of the discipline and to examine
computing in the context of interesting applications.

CTF's authors encourage Computer Scientists to envision new
technologies in the social contexts in which they will be used.
They identify numerous examples of computer applications in earth
science, computational biology, medical care, electronic
libraries and commercial computing that can provide significant
value to people and their organizations. These assessments rest
on concise and tacit analyses of the likely design,
implementation within organizations, and uses of these
technologies. For example, CTF's stories of improved
computational support for modelling are based on rational models
of organizational behavior. They assume that professionals,
scientists, and policy-makers use models to help improve their
decisions. But what if organizations behave differently when they
use models? For example  suppose policy makers use models to help
rationalize and legitimize decisions which are made without
actual reference to the models?

One cannot discriminate between these divergent roles of
modelling in human organizations based upon the intentions of
researchers and system designers. The report tacitly requires
that the CS community develop reliable knowledge, based on
systematic research, to support effective analysis of the likely
designs and uses of computerized systems. CTF tacitly requires an
ability to teach such skills to CS practitioners and students.
Without a disciplined skill in analyzing human organizations,
Computer Scientists' claims about the usability and social value
of specific technologies is mere opinion, and bears a significant
risk of being misleading. Further, Computer Scientists who do not
have refined social analytical skills sometimes conceive and
promote technologies that are far less useful or more costly than
they claim. Effective CS practitioners who "compute for the
future" in organizations need some refined skills in
organizational analysis to understand appropriate systems
requirements and the conditions that transform high performance
computing into high performance human organizations. Since CTF
does not spell out these tacit implications, I'd like to explain
them here.

                  BROADENING COMPUTER SCIENCE:
                 FROM COMPUTABILITY TO USABILITY

The usability of systems and software is a key theme in the
history of CS. We must develop theoretical foundations for the
discipline that give the deepest insights in to what makes
systems usable for various people, groups and organizations.
Traditional computer scientists commonly refer to mathematics as
the theoretical foundations of CS. However, mathematical
formulations give us limited insights into understanding why and
when some computer systems are more usable than others.

Certain applications, such as supercomputing and computational
science are evolutionary extensions of traditional scientific
computation, despite their new direction with rich graphical
front ends for visualizing enormous mounds of data. But other,
newer modes of computing, such as networking and microcomputing,
change the distribution of applications. While they support
traditional numerical computation, albeit in newer formats such
as spreadsheets, they have also expanded the diversity of
non-numerical computations. They make digitally represented text
and graphics accessible to tens of millions of people.

These technological advances are not inconsistent with
mathematical foundations in CS, such as Turing machine
formulations. But the value of these formats for computation is
not well conceptualized by the foundational mathematical models
of computation. For example, text editing could be conceptualized
as a mathematical function that transforms an initial text and a
vector of incremental alterations into a revised text. Text
formatting can be conceptualized as a complex function mapping
text strings into spatial arrays. These kinds of formulations
don't help us grasp why many people find "what you see is what
you get" editors as much more intuitively appealing than a system
that links line editors, command-driven formatting languages, and
text compilers in series.

Nor do our foundational mathematical models provide useful ways
of conceptualizing some key advances in even more traditional
elements of computer systems such as operating systems and
database systems. For example, certain mathematical models
underlie the major families of database systems. But one can't
rely on mathematics alone to assess how well networks, relations,
or object-entities serve as representations for the data stored
in an airline reservation system. While mathematical analysis can
help optimize the efficiency of disk space in storing the data,
they can't do much to help airlines understand the kinds of
services that will make such systems most useful for
reservationists, travel agents and even individual travellers. An
airline reservation system in use is not simply a closed
technical system. It is an open socio-technical system (Hewitt,
1986; Kling, 1992). Mathematical analysis can play a central role
in some areas of CS, and an important role in many areas. But we
cannot understand important aspects of usability if we limit
ourselves to mathematical theories.

The growing emphasis of usability is one of the most dominant of
the diverse trends in computing. The usability tradition has deep
roots in CS, and has influenced the design of programming
languages and operating systems for over 25 years. Specific
topics in each of these areas also rest on mathematical analysis
which Computer Scientists could point to as "the foundations" of
the respective subdisciplines. But Computer Scientists envision
many key advances as design conceptions rather than as
mathematical theories. For example, integrated programming
environments ease software development. But their conception and
popularity is not been based on deeper formal foundations for
programming languages. However, the growth of non-numerical
applications for diverse professionals, including text
processing, electronic mail, graphics, and multimedia should
place a premium on making computer systems relatively simple to
use. Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is now considered a core
subdiscipline of CS.

The integration of HCI into the core of CS requires us to expand
our conception of the theoretical foundations of the discipline.
While every computational interface is reducible to a Turing
computation, the foundational mathematical models of CS do not
(and could not) provide a sound theoretical basis for
understanding why some interfaces are more effective for some
groups of people than others. The theoretical foundations of
effective computer interfaces must rest on sound theories of
human behavior and their empirical manifestations (cf. Ehn, 1991,
Grudin, 1989).

Interfaces also involve capabilities beyond the primary
information processing features of a technology. They entail ways
in which people learn about systems and ways to manage the
diverse data sets that routinely arise in using many computerized
systems (Kling, 1992). Understanding the diversity and character
of these interfaces, that are required to make many systems
usable, rests in an understanding the way that people and groups
organize their work and expertise with computing. Appropriate
theories of the diverse interfaces that render many computer
systems truly useful must rest, in part, on theories of work and
organization. There is a growing realization, as networks tie
users together at a rapidly rising rate, that usability cannot
generally be determined without our considering how computer
systems are shaped by and also alter interdependencies in groups
and organizations. The newly-formed subdiscipline of Computer
Supported Cooperative Work and newly-coined term "groupware" are
responses to this realization (Greif, 1988; Galegher, Kraut and
Egido, 1990).


                  BROADENING COMPUTER SCIENCE:
                FROM HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
                TO HIGH PERFORMANCE ORGANIZATIONS

The arguments of CTF go beyond a focus on usable interface
designs to claims that computerized systems will improve the
performance of organizations.  The report argues that the US
should invest close to a billion dollars a year in CS research
because of the resulting economic and social gains. These are
important claims, to which critics can seek systematic evidence.
For example, one can investigate the claim that 20 years of major
computing R&D and corporate investment in the US has helped
provide proportionate economic and social value.

CTF is filled with numerous examples where computer-based systems
provided value to people and organizations. The tough question is
whether the overall productive value of these investments is
worth the overall acquisition and operation costs. While it is
conventional wisdom that computerization must improve
productivity, a few researchers began to see systemic
possibilities of counter-productive computerization in the early
1980s (King and Kraemer, 1981). In the last few years economists
have found it hard to give unambiguously affirmative answers to
this question. The issue has been termed "The Productivity
Paradox," based on a comment attributed to Nobel laureate Robert
Solow who remarked that "computers are showing up everywhere
except in the [productivity] statistics (Dunlop and Kling,
1991a)."

Economists are still studying the conditions under which
computerization contributes to organizational productivity, and
how to measure it [1]. But even if computerization proves to be a
productive investment, in the net, in most economic sectors,
there is good reason to believe that many organizations get much
less value from their computing investments than they could and
should.

There is no automatic link between computerization and improved
productivity. While many computer systems have been usable and
useful, productivity gains require that their value exceed all of
their costs.

There are numerous potential slips in translating high
performance computing into cost-effective improvements in
organizational performance. Some technologies are superb for
well-trained experts, but are difficult for less experienced
people or "casual users." Many technologies, such as networks and
mail systems, often require extensive technical support, thus
adding hidden costs (Kling, 1992).

Further, a significant body of empirical research shows that the
social processes by which computer systems are introduced and
organized makes a substantial difference in their value to
people, groups and organizations (Lucas, 1981; Kraemer, et. al.
1985; Orlikowski, 1992). Most seriously, not all presumably
appropriate computer applications fit a person or group's work
practices. While they may make sense in a simplified world, they
can actually complicate or misdirect real work.

Group calendars are but one example of systems that can sound
useful, but are often useless because they impose burdensome
record keeping demands (Grudin, 1989). In contrast, electronic
mail is one of the most popular applications in office support
systems, even when other capabilities, like group calendars, are
ignored (Bullen and Bennett, 1991). However, senders are most
likely to share information with others when the system helps
provide social feedback about the value of their efforts or they
have special incentives (Sproull and Kiesler, 1991; Orlikowski,
1992). Careful attention to the social arrangements or work can
help Computer Scientists improve some systems designs, or also
appreciate which applications may not be effective unless work
arrangements are changed when the system is introduced.

The uses and social value of most computerized systems can not be
effectively ascertained from precise statements of their basic
design principles and social purposes. They must be analyzed
within the social contexts in which they will be used. Effective
social analyses go beyond accounting for formal tasks and
purposes to include informal social behavior, available
resources, and the interdependencies between key groups
(Cotterman and Senn, 1992).

Many of the BS and MS graduates of CS departments find employment
on projects where improved computing should enhance the
performance of specific organizations or industries.
Unfortunately, few of these CS graduates have developed an
adequate conceptual basis for understanding when information
systems will actually improve organizational performance.
Consequently, many of them are prone to recommend systems-based
solutions whose structure or implementation within organizations
would be problematic.

                   ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATICS

Organizational Informatics denotes a field which studies the
development and use of computerized information systems and
communication systems in organizations. It includes studies of
their conception, design, effective implementation within
organizations, maintenance, use, organizational value, conditions
that foster risks of failures, and their effects for people and
an organization's clients. It is an intellectually rich and
practical research area.

Organizational Informatics is a relatively new label. In Europe,
the term Informatics is the name of many academic departments
which combine both CS and Information Systems. In North America,
Business Schools are the primary institutional home of
Information Systems research and teaching. But this location is a
mixed blessing. It brings IS research closer to organizational
studies. But the institutional imperatives of business schools
lead IS researchers to emphasize the development and use of
systems in a narrow range of organizations -- businesses
generally, and often service industry firms. It excludes
information systems in important social sectors such as health
care, military operations, air-traffic control, libraries, home
uses, and so on. And Information Systems research tries to avoid
messy issues which many practicing Computer Scientists encounter:
developing requirements for effective systems and mitigating the
major risks to people and organizations who depend upon them.

The emerging field of Organizational Informatics builds upon
research conducted under rubrics like Information Systems and
Information Engineering. But it is more wide ranging than either
of these fields are in practice[2].

Organizational Informatics Research

In the last 20 years a loosely organized community of some dozens
of researchers have produced a notable body of systematic
scientific research in Organizational Informatics. These studies
examine a variety of topics, including:
     *    how system designers translate people's preferences
          into requirements;
     *    the functioning of software development teams in
          practice;
     *    the conditions that foster and impede the
          implementation of computerized systems within
          organizations;
     *    how people and organizations use systems in practice;
     *    the roles of computerized systems in altering work,
          group communication, power relationships, and
          organizational practices.
Researchers have extensively studied some of these topics, such
as computerization and changing work, appear in synoptic review
articles (Kling and Dunlop, in press). In contrast, researchers
have recently begun to examine other topics, such software design
(Winograd and Flores, 1986; Kyng and Greenbaum, 1991), and have
recently begun  to use careful empirical methods (e.g. Suchman,
1983; Bentley, et. al, 1992; Fish, et. al., 1993). I cannot
summarize the key theories and rich findings of these diverse
topics in a few paragraphs. But I would like to comment upon a
few key aspects of this body of research.

Computer Systems Use in  Social Worlds

Many studies contrast actual patterns of systems design,
implementation, use or impacts with predictions made by Computer
Scientists and professional commentators. A remarkable fraction
of these accounts are infused with a hyper-rational and under-
socialized view of people, computer systems, organizations and
social life in general.  Computer Scientists found that rule
driven conceptions to be powerful ways to abstract domains like
compilers. But many  Computer Scientists extend them to be a
tacit organizing frame for understanding whole computer systems,
their developers, their users and others who live and work with
them. Organizations are portrayed as generally cooperative
systems with relatively simple and clear goals. Computer systems
are portrayed as generally coherent and adequate for the tasks
for which people use them. People are portrayed as generally
obedient and cooperative participants in a highly structured
system with numerous tacit rules to be obeyed, such as doing
their jobs as they are formally described. Using data that is
contained in computer systems, and treating it as information or
knowledge, is a key element of these accounts. Further, computer
systems are portrayed as powerful, and often central, agents of
organizational change.

This Systems Rationalist perspective infuses many accounts of
computer systems design, development, and use in diverse
application domains, including CASE tools, instructional
computing, models in support of public policy assessments, expert
systems, groupware, supercomputing, and network communications
(Kling, 1980; Kling, Scherson and Allen, 1992).

All conceptual perspectives are limited and distort "reality."
When Organizational Informatics researchers systematically
examine the design practices in particular organizations, how
specific groups develop computer systems, or how various people
and groups use computerized systems, they find an enormous range
of fascinating and important human behavior which lies outside
the predictive frame of Systems Rationalism. Sometimes these
behaviors are relatively minor in overall importance. But in many
cases they are so significant as to lead Organizational
Informatics researchers to radically reconceptualize the
processes which shape and are shaped by computerization.

There are several alternative frames for reconceptualizing
computerization as alternatives to Systems Rationalism. The
alternatives reflect, in part, the paradigmatic diversity of the
social sciences. But all of these reconceptions situate computer
systems and organizations in richer social contexts and with more
complex and multivalent social relations than does systems
rationalism. Two different kinds of observations help anchor
these abstractions.

Those who wish to understand the dynamics of model usage in
public agencies must appreciate the institutional relationships
which influence the organization's behavior. For example, to
understand economic forecasting by the US Congress and the
Executive branch's Office of Management and Budget, one must
appreciate the institutional relations between Congress and the
Executive branch. They are not well described by Systems
Rationalist conceptions because they were designed  to
continually differ with each other in their perspectives and
preferred policies. That is one meaning of "checks and balances"
in the fundamental design of the US Federal Government. My
colleagues, Ken Kraemer and John King, titled their book about
Federal economic modelling, DataWars (Kraemer, et. al., 1985).
Even this title doesn't make much sense within a Systems
Rationalist framework.

Modelling can be a form of intellectual exploration. It can also
be a medium of communication, negotiation, and persuasion. The
social relationships between modelers, people who use them and
diverse actors in Federal policymaking made these socially
mediated roles of models sometimes most important. In these
situations, an alternative view of organizations as coalitions of
interest groups was a more appropriate conceptualization. And
within this coalitional view of organizations, a conception of
econometric models as persuasion support systems rather than as
decision support systems sometimes is most appropriate.
Organizational Informatics researchers found that political views
of organizations and systems developments within them apply to
many private organizations as well as to explicitly political
public agencies.

Another major idea to emerge from the broad body of
Organizational Informatics research is that the social patterns
which characterize the design, development, uses and consequences
of computerized systems are dependent on the particular ecology
of social relationships between participants. This idea may  be
summarized by saying that the processes and consequences of
computerization are "context dependent." In practice, this means
that the analyst must be careful in generalizing from one
organizational setting to another. While data wars might
characterize econometric modelling on Capitol Hill, we do not
conclude that all computer modelling should be interpreted as
persuasion support systems. In some settings, models are used to
explore the effects of policy alternatives without immediate
regard for their support as media for communication, negotiation
or persuasion. At other times, the same model might be used (or
abused with cooked data) as a medium of persuasion. The brief
accounts of models for  global warming in CTF fit a Systems
Rationalist account. Their uses might appear much less
"scientific" if they were studied within the actual policy
processes within which they are typically used.

Repercussions for Systems Design

Even when computerized systems are used as media of intellectual
exploration, Organizational Informatics researchers find that
social relationships influence the ways that people use
computerized systems. Christine Bullen and John Bennett (1991)
studied 25 organizations that used groupware with diverse
modeules such as databases, group calendars, text annotating
facilities and electronic mail. They found that the electronic
mail modules were almost universally valued, while other system
facilities were often unused.

In a recent study, Sharyn Ladner and Hope Tillman examined the
use of the Internet by university and corporate librarians. While
many of them found data access through databases and file
transfer to be important services, they also reported that
electronic mail was perhaps the most critical Internet feature
for them.
     The participants in our study tell us something that we
     may have forgotten in our infatuation with the new
     forms of information made available through the
     Internet.  And that is their need for community.  To be
     sure, our respondents use the Internet to obtain
     information not available in any other format, to
     access databases ... that provide new efficiencies in
     their work, new ways of working.  But their primary use
     is for communication.  Special librarians tend to be
     isolated in the workplace -- the only one in their
     subject specialty (in the case of academe), or the only
     librarian in their organization (in the case of a
     corporate library).  Time and time again our
     respondents expressed this need to talk to someone --
     to learn what is going on in their profession, to
     bounce ideas off others, to obtain information from
     people, not machines.
     There are tremendous implications from the Internet
     technology in community formation -- the Internet may
     indeed provide a way to increase community among
     scholars, including librarians.  The danger we face at
     this juncture in time, as we attach library resources
     to the Internet, is to focus all of our energies on the
     machine-based resources at the expense of our human-
     based resources, i.e., ourselves (Ladner and Tillman,
     1992).
In these studies, Organizational Informatics researchers have
developed a socially rich view of work with and around computing,
of computing within a social world.

These studies have strong repercussions for the design of
software. A good designer cannot assume that the majority of
effort should go into the "computational centerpiece" of a
system, while devoting minor efforts to supporting communication
facilities. One of my colleagues designed a modelling system for
managers in a major telephone company, after completing an
extensive requirements analysis. However, as an afterthought, he
added a simple mail system in a few days work. He was surprised
to find that the people who used these systems regularly used his
crude electronic mail system, while they often ignored
interesting modelling capabilities. Such balances of attention
also have significant repercussions. Many people need good mail
systems, not just crude ones: systems which include facile
editors, ease in exporting and importing files, and effective
mail management (Kling and Covi, 1993).

Assessing people's preferences for systems' designs is an
exercise in social inquiry. While rapid prototyping may help
improve designs for some systems, it is less readily applicable
to systems which are used by diverse groups at numerous
locations. Computer scientists are beginning to develop more
reliable methods of social inquiry to better understand which
systems designs will be most useful (Bentley, et. al. 1992; Kyng
and Greenbaum, 1991). Root and his colleagues (1993) recently
reported the way that the explicit use of social theory helped
them design more effective group meeting systems. Unfortunately,
these newer methods are rarely taught to CS students. When
computer specialists build an imbalanced system, it should not be
a  surprise when the resulting organizational value of their
efforts is very suboptimal.

System Security and Reliability

In a simplified engineering model of computing, the reliability
of products is assured through extensive testing in a development
lab. The social world of technology use not perceived as shaping
the reliability of systems, except through irascible human
factors, such as "operator errors." An interesting and tragic
illustration of the limitations of this view can be found in some
recent studies of the causes of death and maiming by an electron
accelerator which was designed to help cure cancer, the Therac-25
(Jacky, 1991, Leveson and Turner, 1992).

The Therac-25 was designed and marketed in the mid 1980s by a
Canadian firm AECL as an advanced medical technology. It featured
complete software control over all major functions (supported by
a DEC PDP-11), among other innovations. Previous machines
included electro-mechanical interlocks to raise and lower
radiation shields. Several thousand people were effectively
treated with the Therac-25 each year. However, between 1985 and
1987 there were six known accidents in which several people died
in the US. Other were seriously maimed or injured [3].

Both studies concur that there were subtle but important flaws in
the design of the Therac-25's software and hardware. AECL's
engineers tried to patch the existing hardware and (finally)
software when they learned of some of the mishaps. But they
treated each fix as the final repair.

Both studies show how the continuing series of mishaps was
exacerbated by diverse organizational arrangements. Jacky claims
that pressures for speedy work by radiological technicians
coupled with an interface design that did not enhance important
error messages was one of many causes of the accidents. Leveson
and Turner differ in downplaying the working conditions of the
Therac-25's operators and emphasize the flawed social system for
communicating the seriousness of problems to Federal regulators
and other hospitals. Both studies observe that it is unlikely for
the best of companies to develop perfect error-free systems
without high quality feedback from users. Their recommendations
differ: Jacky discusses the licensing of system developers and
the regulation of computerized medical systems to improve minimal
standards of saftey. Leveson and Turner propose extensive
education and training of software engineers and more effective
communication between manufacturers and their customers.

However, both studies indicate that an understanding of the
safety of computer systems must go beyond the laboratory and
extend into the organizational settings where it is used. In the
case of the Therac-25, it required understanding a complex web of
interorganizational relationships, as well as the technical
design and operation of the equipment. Nancy Leveson (1992)
points out that most major disasters technological disasters in
the last 20 years "involved serious organizational and management
deficiencies." Hughes, Randall and Shapiro (1992:119) observe
that British no civil collision in UK air space has been
attributed to air traffic control failures. But their Mediator
control system was failing regularly and had no backup during the
period that they studied it. They observe that the reliability of
the British air traffic control system resides in totality of the
relevant social and technical systems, rather than in a single
component.

The need for this kind of organizational understanding is
unfortunately slighted in the CS academic world today. CTF
discusses only those aspects of computer system reliability which
are amenable to understanding through laboratory-like studies
(Hartmanis and Lin, 1992:110-111). But cases of safety critical
systems, like the Therac-25 and British Air Traffic Control,
indicate why some Computer Scientists must be willing to
undertake (and teach) organizational analysis.

Worldviews and Surprises about Computerization

These few paragraphs barely sketch the highlights of a fertile
and significant body of research about computer systems in use.
Perhaps the most important simplification for traditional
computer scientists is to appreciate how people and their
organizations are situated in a social world and consequently
compute within a social world. People act in relationship to
others in various ways and concerns of belonging, status,
resources, and power are often central. The web of people's
relationships extend beyond various formally defined group and
organizational boundaries (Kling and Scacchi, 1982; Kling, 1987;
Kling, 1992). People construct their worlds, including the
meanings and uses of information technologies, through their
social interactions.

This view is, of course, not new to social scientists. On the
other hand, there is no specific body of social theory which can
easily be specialized for "the case of computing," and swiftly
produce good theories for Organizational Informatics as trivial
deductions. The best research in Organizational Informatics draws
upon diverse theoretical and methodological approaches within the
social sciences with a strong effort to select those which best
explain diverse aspects of computerization.

       ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATICS WITHIN COMPUTER SCIENCE

CTF places dual responsibilities on Computer Scientists. One
responsibility is to produce a significant body of applicable
research. The other responsibility is to educate a significant
fraction of CS students to be more effective in conceiving and
implementing systems that will enhance organizational
performance. It may be possible to organize research and
instruction so as to decouple these responsibilities. For
example, molecular biologists play only a small role in training
doctors. However, CS departments act like an integrated Medical
school and Biology department. They are the primary academic
locations for training degreed computing specialists, and they
conduct a diverse array of less applicable and more applicable
research. In practice, the research interests of CS faculty shape
the range of topics taught in CS departments, especially the 150
PhD granting departments. CS curricula mirror major areas of CS
research and the topics which CS faculty understand through their
own educations and subsequent research. As a consequence, CS
courses are likely to avoid important CS topics which appear a
bit foreign to the instructor.

An interesting example of this coupling can be illustrated by
CTF, in a brief description of public-key encryption systems and
digital signatures (Hartmanis and Lin, 1992:27). In the simple
example, Bob and Alice can send messages reliably if each
maintains a secret key. Nothing is said about the social
complications of actually keeping keys secret. The practical
problems are similar to those of managing passwords, although
some operational details differ because the 100 digit keys may be
stored on media like magstripe cards rather than paper. In real
organizations, people lose or forget their password and can lose
the media which store their keys. Also, some passwords can be
shared by a group of with shifting membership, and the "secret
key" can readily become semi-public. The main point is that the
management of keys is a critical element of cryptographic
security in practice. But Computer Scientists are prone to teach
courses on cryptography as exercises in applied mathematics, such
as number theory and Galois theory, and to skirt the vexing
practical problems of making encryption a practical
organizational activity.

Today, most of the 40,000 people who obtain BS and MS degrees in
CS each year in the U.S. have no opportunities for systematic
exposure to reliable knowledge about the best design strategies,
common uses, effective implementation, and assessments of value
of computing in a social world (Lewis, 1989). Yet a substantial
fraction of these students go on to work for organizations
attempting to produce or maintain systems that improve
organizational performance without a good conceptual basis for
their work. Consequently, many of them develop systems that
underperform in organizational terms even when they are
technically refined. They also recommend ineffective
implementation procedures and are sometimes even
counterproductive.

One defensible alternative to my position is that CS departments
should not take on any form of organizational analysis. They
should aggressively take a role akin to Biology departments
rather than taking on any instructional or research roles like
Medical schools. To be sincere, this position requires a high
level of restraint by academic Computer Scientists. First and
foremost, they should cease from talking about the uses, value or
even problems of computerized systems that would be used in any
organizational setting. Research proposals would be mute about
any conceivable application of research results. Further, they
should make effective efforts to insure that anyone who employs
their graduates should be aware that they may have no special
skills in understanding organizational computing. It would take
an aggressive "truth in advertising" campaign to help make it
clear that Computer Scientists have no effective methods for
understanding computerization in the social world. Further,
Computer Scientists would forsake their commitments to subfields
like software engineering which tacitly deals with ways to
support teams of systems developers to work effectively (Curtis,
et. al. 1988). Computer Scientists, in this view, would remove
themselves from addressing organizational and human behavior, in
the same way that molecular biologists are removed from
professionally commenting on the practices of cardiologists and
obstetricians. CTF argues that this view would be self-defeating.
But it would be internally consistent and have a distinctive
integrity.

In contrast, CS faculty are often reluctant to wholly embrace
Organizational Informatics. But some CS subfields, such as
software engineering, depend upon organizational analysis
(Curtis, et. al., 1988). Further, CS faculty do little to
advertise the distinctive limitations in the analytical skills of
our programs' graduates. Part of the dilemma develops because
many CS faculty are ambivalent about systematic studies of human
behavior. Applied mathematics and other modes of inquiry which
seem to yield concise, crisp and concrete results are often the
most cherished. As a consequence, those who conduct behaviorally
oriented research in CS departments are often inappropriately
marginalized. Their students and the discipline suffers as a
result.

Between 1986 and 1989, the total number of BS and MS CS degrees
awarded annually in the US declined from about 50,000 to
approximately 40,000. The number of students majoring in CS
rapidly declined at a time when computerization was becoming
widespread in many fields. A significant fraction of the decline
can be attributed to many students finding CS programs insular
and indifferent to many exciting forms of computerization. The
decline of military R&D in the U.S. can amplify these trends or
stimulate a more cosmopolitan view in CS departments. The decline
in military R&D is shifting the job market for new CS graduates
towards a markedly more civilian orientation. This shift, along
with the trend towards computing distributed into diverse work
groups, is leading to more job opportunities for people with CS
education who know Organizational Informatics.

The situation of CS departments has some parallels with
Statistics departments. Statistics are widely used and taught in
many academic disciplines. But Statistics departments have often
maintained a monkish isolation from "applications." Consequently,
the application of statistics thrives while Statistics
departments have few students and modest resources. Might the
status of Statistics indicate a future possibility for an insular
approach to CS?

The best Organizational Informatics research in North America is
conducted by faculty in the Information Systems departments in
business schools and by scattered social scientists (cf. Boland
and Hirschheim, 1987; Galegher, Kraut and Egido, 1990; Cotterman
and Senn, 1992; Sproull and Kiesler, 1991). But Computer
Scientists cannot effectively delegate the research and teaching
of Organizational Informatics to business Schools or social
science departments.

Like Computer Scientists, faculty in these other disciplines
prefer to focus on their own self-defined issues.  Computer
Scientists are much more likely to ask questions with attention
to fine grained technological nuances that influence designs. For
example, the professional discussions of computer risks have been
best developed through activities sponsored by the ACM's Special
Interest Group on Software (SIGSOFT). They are outside the
purview of business school faculty and, at best, only a few
social scientists are interested in them. Generally, technology
plays a minor role in social science theorizing. And when social
scientists study technologies, they see a world of possibilities:
energy technologies, transportation technologies, communication
technologies (including television), medicinal drugs and devices,
and so on. They see little reason to give computer-related
information technologies a privileged role within this
cornucopia. As a consequence, the few social scientists who  take
a keen interest in studying computerization are unfortunately
placed in marginal positions within their own disciplines. Often
they must link their studies to mainstream concerns as defined by
the tastemakers of their own fields, and the resulting
publications appear irrelevant to Computer Scientists.

Further, faculty in these other disciplines are not organized to
effectively teach tens of  thousands of CS students, students who
are steeped in technology and usually very naive about
organizations, about systems development and use in
organizations. In North America there is no well developed
institutional arrangement for educating students who can
effectively take leadership roles in conceptualizing and
developing complex organizational computing projects (Lewis,
1989).

CTF is permeated with interesting claims about the social value
of recent and emerging computer-based technologies. While many of
these observations should rest on an empirically grounded
scientific footing, Computer Scientists have deprived themselves
of access to such research. For example, the discussion of
systems risks in the ACM rests on a large and varied collection
of examples and anecdotes. But there is no significant research
program to help better understand the conditions under which
organizations are more likely to develop systems using the best
risk-reducing practices. There is an interesting body of
professional lore, but little scholarship to ground it (See
Appendix).

Computer Scientists have virtually no scholarship to utilize in
understanding when high performance networks, like the National
Research and Education Network, will catalyze social value
proportional to their costs. Consequently, many of the "obvious"
claims about the value of various computing technologies that we
Computer Scientists make are more akin to the lore of home
remedies for curing illness. Some are valid, others are unfounded
speculation. More seriously, the theoretical bases for
recommending home medical remedies and new computer technologies
can not advance without having sound research programs.

                         WHAT IS NEEDED

CTF sets the stage for developing Organizational Informatics as a
strong subfield within Computer Science. CTF bases the expansion
of the discipline on a rich array of applications in which many
of the effective technologies must be conceived in relationship
to plausible uses in order provide attractive social value for
multi-billion dollar public investments.

The CS community needs an institutionalized research capability
to produce a reliable body of knowledge about the usability and
value of computerized systems and the conditions under which
computer systems improve organizational performance. In Western
Europe there are research projects about Organizational
Informatics in a few Computer Science departments and research
funding through the EEC's Espirit program (Bubenko, 1992; Iivari,
1991; Kyng and Greenbaum, 1991). These new research and
instructional programs in Western Europe give Organizational
Informatics a significantly more effective place in CS education
and research than it now has in North America.

The CS community in the U.S. has 30 years of experience in
institutionalizing research programs, especially through the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the National
Science Foundation (NSF). There are many approaches, including
establishing national centers, supporting individual investigator
research grants, supporting short institutes to help train new
investigators and supporting research workshops for ongoing
research. All such programs aim to develop and sustain research
fields with a combination of direct research funds, the education
of future researchers, and the development of research
infrastructure. They are all multimillion dollar efforts. Today,
NSF devotes about $125K annually to Organizational Informatics as
part of the Information Technology in Organizations program. This
start is far short of the level of funding required to develop
this field within CS.

The North American CS curricula must also include opportunities
for students to learn the most reliable knowledge about the
social dimensions of systems development and use (Denning, 1992).
These opportunities, formed as courses, can provide varied levels
of sophistication. The most elementary courses introduce students
to some of the key topics in Organizational Informatics and the
limitations of Systems Rationalism as an organizing frame (for
example, Dunlop and Kling, 1991a). More advanced courses focus on
specific topics, such as those I have listed above. They teach
about substantive problems and theoretical approaches for
analyzing them. While many of these approaches are anchored in
the sociological theory of organizations, CS students usually
won't grasp the importance of the theories without numerous
computing examples to work with [4]. They also have trouble
grasping the character of computing in organizations without
guided opportunities for observing and analyzing computerization
in practice. Consequently, some courses should offer
opportunities for studying issues of computerization in actual
organizations.

Fortunately, a few CS departments offer some courses in
Organizational Informatics. In addition, some CS faculty who
research and teach about human behavior in areas like Human-
Computer Interaction and Software Engineering can help expand the
range of research and instruction. Curricula would vary, but they
should include diverse courses for students who seek basic
exposure to Organizational Informatics and those seek more
thorough instruction. Unfortunately, only a fraction of the CS
departments in the US. have faculty who study and teach about
computing and human behavior.

While the study of Organizational Informatics builds upon both
the traditional technological foundations of CS and the social
sciences, the social sciences at most universities will not
develop it as an effective foundational topic for CS. On specific
campuses, CS faculty may be able to develop good instructional
programs along with colleagues in social sciences or Schools of
Management.

But delegating this inquiry to some other discipline does not
provide a national scale solution for CS. Other disciplines will
not do our important work for us. Mathematics departments may be
willing to teach graph theory for CS students, but the analysis
of algorithms would be a much weaker field if it could only be
carried out within Mathematics Departments. For similar reasons,
it is time for academic Computer Science to embrace
Organizational Informatics as a key area of research and
instruction.


                              NOTES

[1] See Dunlop and Kling, 1991a for an accessible introduction to
these debates. Economic statistics about national level
productivity are inexact, and sometimes weak. Baily and Gordon
(1988) examined the extent to which measurement problems account
for the difficulties of seeing the positive computerization show
up in the US national productivity statistics. They concluded
that measurements were inexact, and very poor in some sectors
like banking, measurement errors were not the primary cause of
difficulties.

[2] Organizational Informatics is a new term, and I have found
that some people instantly like it while others are put off. I've
experimented with alternative labels, like Organizational
Computing, which has also resulted in strong and mixed reactions.
Computing is a more common term than Informatics, but it's too
narrow for some researchers. Informatics also can connote
"information," which is an important part of this field.
Sociological Computer Science would have the virtues of being a
parallel construction of Mathematical Computer Science, but
doesn't connote information either. I have not yet found a short
distinctive label which characterizes the field and whose
connotations are rapidly grasped by both outsiders and insiders.

[3] Jacky's early study was based on published reports, while
Leveson and Turner's more thorough study was based upon a
significant body of original documents and interviews with some
participants.

[4]  One hears similar concerns about teaching mathematics to CS
students. CS students are much more motivated to learn graph
theory, for example, when they learn those aspects which best
illuminate issues of computation and when their teaching includes
some good computing examples.

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                        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper builds on ideas which I've developed over the last
decade. But they have been deepened by some recent events, such
as the CTF report. They were also sharpened through a lecture and
followon discussion with colleagues at the University of Toronto,
including Ron Baeker, Andy Clement, Kelley Gottlieb, and Marilyn
Manteii. Rick Weingarten suggested that I write a brief position
paper reflecting those ideas. At key points, Peter Denning and
Peter Neumann provided helpful encouragement and sage advice. I
also appreciate the efforts of numerous other friends and
colleagues to help strengthen this paper through their comments
and critical assistance. The paper is immeasurably stronger
because of the prompt questions and suggestions that I received
in response to an evolving manuscript from the following people:
Mark Ackerman, Jonathan P. Allen, Bob Anderson, Lisa Covi, Brad
Cox, Gordon Davis, Phillip Fites, Simson Garfinkel, Les Gasser,
Sy Goodman, Beki Grinter, Jonathan Grudin, Pertti Jarvinen, John
King, Heinz Klein, Trond Knudsen, Kenneth Kraemer, Sharyn Ladner,
Nancy Leveson, Lars Matthiesen, Colin Potts, Paul Resnick, Larry
Rosenberg, Tim Standish, John Tillquist, Carson Woo and Bill
Wulf.
                            APPENDIX

            Published Materials about Computer Risks

Unfortunately, there is no single good book or comprehensive
review article about the diverse risks of computerized systems
to people and organizations, and ways to mitigate them. The
Internet board, comp.risks, is the richest archive of diverse
episodes and diverse discussions of their causes and cures. While
its moderator, Peter Neumann does a superb job of  organizing
discussions of specific topics each year and also creates
periodic indices, there is no simple way to sift through the
megabytes of accumulated comp.risks files.

Computerization and  Controversy edited by Charles Dunlop and Rob
Kling (1991) includes two major sections on "security and
reliability" and "privacy and social control" which identify many
key debates and reprint some key articles and book excerpts which
reflect different positions.  Another major source is  a series
of articles, "Inside Risks, which Peter Neumann edits for
Communications of the ACM.

This is a list of this series of articles, to date:
(All articles are by Peter Neumann unless otherwise indicated.)

Jul 90.  1. Some Reflections on a Telephone Switching Problem
Aug 90.  2. Insecurity About Security?
Sep 90.  3. A Few Old Coincidences
Oct 90.  4. Ghosts, Mysteries, and Risks of Uncertainty
Nov 90.  5. Risks in computerized elections
Dec 90.  6. Computerized medical devices, Jon Jacky
Jan 91.  7. The Clock Grows at Midnight
Feb 91.  8. Certifying Programmers and Programs
Mar 91.  9. Putting on Your Best Interface
Apr 91. 10. Interpreting (Mis)information
May 91. 11. Expecting the Unexpected Mayday!
Jun 91. 12. The Risks With Risk Analysis, Robert N. Charette
Jul 91. 13. Computers, Ethics, and Values
Aug 91. 14.      Mixed Signals About Social Responsibility, Ronni
                    Rosenberg
Sep 91. 15. The Not-So-Accidental Holist
Oct 91. 16.    A National Debate on Encryption Exportability,
               Clark Weissman
Nov 91. 17. The Human Element
Dec 91. 18. Collaborative Efforts
Jan 92. 19. What's in a Name?
Feb 92. 20.    Political Activity and International Computer
               Networks, Sy Goodman
Mar 92. 21. Inside ``Risks of `Risks' ''
Apr 92. 22. Privacy Protection, Marc Rotenberg
May 92. 23. System Survivability
Jun 92. 24.    Leaps and Bounds (Leap-year and distributed system
                problems)
Jul 92. 25. Aggravation by Computer: Life, Death, and Taxes,
Aug 92. 26. Fraud by Computer
Sep 92. 27. Accidental Financial Losses
Oct 92. 28. Where to Place Trust
Nov 92. 29. Voting-Machine Risks, Rebecca Mercuri
Dec 92. 30. Avoiding Weak Links
Jan 93. 31. Risks Considered Global(ly)
Feb 93. 32. Is Dependability Attainable?
Mar 93. 33. Risks of Technology



From Kathryn B. Propst <kpropst@ucs.indiana.edu>
Subject: DOS Collaborative Writing Software
Message-ID: <C0wyE3.D5z@usenet.ucs.indiana.edu>
Sender: news@usenet.ucs.indiana.edu (USENET News System)
Nntp-Posting-Host: propst-mac.ucs.indiana.edu
Organization: Indiana University
X-Useragent: Nuntius v1.1
Date: Fri, 15 Jan 1993 21:01:15 GMT
Lines: 11

I am looking for leads about DOS collaborative writing
software--something similar in function (and price) to Group
Technologies' Aspects. Any information, leads, or experiences you could
share would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks,
Kathryn Propst
University Computing Services, Instructional Computing
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN

kpropst@ucs.indiana.edu


From garfinke@hpfcso.FC.HP.COM (Dan Garfinkel)
Date: Thu, 14 Jan 1993 18:15:27 GMT
Subject: Re: GroupWare kit
Message-ID: <10060002@hpfcso.FC.HP.COM>
Organization: Hewlett-Packard, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Path: doppler!concert!rock!stanford.edu!ames!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!sdd.hp.com!hpscit.sc.hp.com!hplextra!hpfcso!garfinke
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
References: <1993Jan14.093535.2994@iti.gov.sg>
Lines: 18

> Hi,
> 
> I would like tryout following Groupware applications
> 
> Shared Screen
> 
> Shared WhiteBoard
> 
> under X/unix environment. Is there any public domain software
> available for these application ? I would greatly appreciate 
> your help. 

HP sells a product with both of these features called HP SharedX.  HP SharedX
runs on all HP-UX based workstations (version 7.0 or later) and the HP 700/RX
X terminals hosted off HP computers.  Although the "sender" of the window or
whiteboard must be one of these systems, the "receiver(s)" can be any X
capable display.  Although this product is not public domain, it is rather
inexpensive at $495 US list per sending machine.


From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk (Roger Whitehead)
Subject: DOS Collaborative Writing Software      
Cc: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Reply-To: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 1993 01:23:00 +0000
Message-ID: <memo.871590@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Sender: usenet@demon.co.uk
Lines: 26

There is Computer Associates' ForComment (bought with the Access Technoolgy
takeover) but it needs a VAX/VMS host.

Also, there's Coordination Technologies' In Focus - but that needs OS/2.

ForeFront Group's Virtual Notebook System supports DOS - but needs a Unix
server.

Pure DOS?  Doesn't seem to be much around.

Roger

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Roger Whitehead,
Director,
Office Futures,
14 Amy Road,
Oxted,
Surrey    RH8 0PX
England


Telephone:  +44 883 713074
Fax:  +44 883 716793
Email:  rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk


From joosten@cs.utwente.nl (Stef Joosten)
Subject: CFP Method Engineering and Meta Modelling
Message-ID: <1993Jan19.092408@cs.utwente.nl>
Keywords: Method Engineering, Meta Modelling, Methodology
Sender: usenet@cs.utwente.nl
Nntp-Posting-Host: utis174
Organization: University of Twente, Dept. of Computer Science
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 1993 08:24:08 GMT
Lines: 60

                  PRELIMINARY CALL FOR PARTICIPATION

CfP: 2nd International Summerschool on Method Engineering and Meta Modelling

                    Wed. 12 May - Sun. 16 May 1993
                      Enschede,  the Netherlands

After a successful event in Jyvaskyla, Finland, last year,
the Summerschool on Method Engineering and Meta Modelling (ME&MM)
is organised for the second time. The location is the Netherlands,
on the beautiful campus of the University of Twente.

The formula is unchanged: limited participation and top-of-the-bill
invited lecturers.

The themes are meta-modelling, method engineering both in practice
and in theory.

The program committee consists of:
   S. Brinkkemper (chair)
   S. Joosten (secr.)
   K. Lyytinen
   R. Stamper
   R.J. Welke
   G. Wijers

The definitive call for participation will be published as soon as
the program is definitive. The program committee expects this in a
few weeks time.

Participation to this summerschool is limited.
Details about the admission procedure are published in the definitive
call for participation.
Costs are expected to be around $500 and will include participation,
accomodation and all meals.

The Wednesday is reserved for arrivals, registration and opening session.
The program starts on Thursday in the early morning.

The summerschool is scheduled to precede the IFIP WG8.2 Conference
in Noordwijkerhout, which starts on Monday 17th. Participants to
that conference will have enough time on Sunday to get there.


You can express your interest by dropping a note to
   Stef Joosten
   e-mail: joosten@cs.utwente.nl
or
   Stef Joosten
   University of Twente
   dept. of Computer Science
   P.O. Box 217
   7500 AE  ENSCHEDE
   the Netherlands

Please give us your e-mail address, so we can put you on the list
of potential participants. This ensures you to receive the
most recent information, such as the call for participation.




From alari@gershwin.crs4.it (GianLuigi Alari)
Subject: Answer Garden
Sender: news@crs4.it (USENET News System)
Message-ID: <1993Jan19.150212.81545@crs4.it>
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 1993 15:02:12 GMT
Organization: CRS4 - Centre for Advanced Studies, R&D in Sardinia
Lines: 18

I am looking for more information about AnswerGarden software.
We ported it to RS/6000 (not a big deal) and we would like to have as much information as possible o
n it before using it in our research center. By now we have only the README file and a few other pea
ces but we would be glad if some of you could light us a bit more.
Since we are a relatively new center, our library does do not have the Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Office Information System
s in which there is an outline of AnswerGarden so if some of you can send us a copy...


Thanks in advance
-gigi
-- 
----------------------------------------+
Gianluigi Alari				|
Computers & Networks - CRS4		|
Via N.Sauro, 10				|
09123 - Cagliari - Italy		|
Internet: Gianluigi.Alari@crs4.it	|
----------------------------------------+


From kling@ics.uci.edu (Rob Kling)
Subject: CFP: Social Science Perspectives on Information Systems
Message-ID: <9301191600.aa00168@q2.ics.uci.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.groupware,comp.human-factors,comp.infosystems
Lines: 91
Date: 20 Jan 93 00:00:59 GMT


Deadline, end of February, coming soon .... /Rob Kling
=================================

                      Call for Papers

           SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 A Special Issue of The ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
                      ---------------------------
The ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) announces a Special
Issue devoted to the applications of theories and methods of the social
sciences to understand the development, social organization, role, and
impacts of information systems in organizations.

Possible topics include studies of the social processes of implementing
large scale information systems, the relationship of information systems
developments to changes in organizational strategy, the role of information
systems in changing the organization of work, the ways that information
systems fit or help change organizational cultures, and the social dynamics
of groups that develop or use information systems.

Empirical studies which carefully examine key social processes that
influence the nature or impacts information systems are of particular
interest, whether they use qualitative or quantitative data. Theoretical
papers can also be appropriate if they carefully use empirical materials to
help illustrate and explain the value of the theoretical position which is
advanced. Authors should take special care in indicating the ways that
their papers help advance the research frontiers. The special issue editor
will be particularly sympathetic to papers which develop new  empirical or
theoretical directions, as long as the rationale for and value of the
innovations is well developed.

The TOIS editors consider information systems to be a label with broad
meanings, and includes: electronic mail, books, libraries, classrooms,
museums, decision and meeting support systems, and entertainment systems,
as well as more traditional transaction processing systems and networks of
such systems.

The editor for this special issue is
Professor Rob Kling
Department of Information and Computer Science
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, Ca 92717
714-856-5955    kling@ics.uci.edu

The special issue will be published in July 1994. In order to allow
adequate time for review, revisions, and publication, five copies of each
paper must be submitted by February 26, 1993 to:

Dr. Robert B. Allen
Editor in Chief, TOIS
Room 2A-367
Bell Communications Research, Inc.
445 South Street
Morristown  NJ  07960-1910
[201/829-4315  rba@bellcore.com]

Please see the July 1990 issue of TOIS for guidelines about format.

High quality papers which are submitted or revised late, or whose focus do
not fit this special issue, may be accepted for publication in subsequent
issues of TOIS. Papers will be reviewed as soon as they are received. Since
some papers may require revision before final acceptance, time is being
allowed for revision and re-review of promising papers. It would be
advantageous for authors to submit papers as soon as possible to allow
adequate time for reviews and possible revisions. Questions about the scope
of the special issue should be directed to Professor Rob Kling.
=============

The ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)

The ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) is now in its 9th
volume.  The Transactions was founded as the Transactions on Office
Information Systems, and the word 'Office' was dropped from the title as of
1989.  About 5500 copies were mailed for the January 1992.

TOIS covers a wide range of studies, including information interfaces,
object-oriented databases, information retrieval for office systems
(including CSCW), the social dimensions of information systems, and the
social and organizational impact of computers.

TOIS serves as the major ACM journal for publishing leading edge research
on these topics. The Communications of the ACM (CACM) also publishes
articles about these topics, as well as others. A key distinguishing
feature between the CACM and TOIS is that articles for CACM should interest
a broad and diverse segment of its 70,000 readers.  In contrast, TOIS
publishes specialized papers which might be of greatest interest to a
researchers who are close to a paper's topic. Professor Kling serves on
both the editorial board of CACM and TOIS, and can be contacted with
questions about the suitability of specific papers these journals.


From Sergey J. Ovcharenko <sovch@tom.spb.su>
Subject: Help! Zilog E-maile address 
Message-ID: <AAJkJNhep7@tom.spb.su>
Keywords: Z80, CPU
Lines: 17
Sender: news-server@arcom.rcom.spb.su
Reply-To: sovch@tom.spb.su
Organization: TOM Ltd.
Date: Wed, 20 Jan 1993 11:46:27 GMT

Hi,

Does anyone know any manufacture which CPU Z80A ?
I need their E-mail address ( Telex,Fax and phone number if it's possible)
to contact with ? I'm in Russian and my friend's company wants to import
these products.

Thanks !

Sergey









From lubich@bernina.ethz.ch (Hannes Lubich)
Subject: AT&T PicturePhone Failure Papers?
Message-ID: <1993Jan21.120745.12023@bernina.ethz.ch>
Keywords: PicturePhone Failure
Sender: lubich@tik.ethz.ch
Organization: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, CH
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1993 12:07:45 GMT
Lines: 14

Dear Netlanders,
a lot of people in the CSCW community have cited the failure of the AT&T
PicturePhone as an early example of "bad design" of a cooperative tool.

Is this just "common sense", or are there any papers/reports around, which
have explored this particular case any further?

Just curious
	--HaL
-- 
~ RFC-822  : lubich@komsys.tik.ethz.ch
~ BBN/Slate: lubich@ktik5.comm.tik.ethz.ch
~ X.400    : C=ch; A=arcom; P=switch; O=ethz; OU=tik; OU=komsys; S=lubich
~ The usual disclaimer : No, it wasn't me, somebody must have used my account.


From rcs91900@zach.fit.edu ( Charles Stockman /ADVISOR-Clutterham)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: When should you stop a distributed program
Message-ID: <4575@winnie.fit.edu>
Date: 21 Jan 93 17:42:20 GMT
Sender: usenet@winnie.fit.edu
Organization: Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne USA
Lines: 16

Hello
	
In a distributed environment :

When  a group people are using a program (ex. simulation) and part of the 
simulation is way off.  Some of the people may want to shut down the simulation
while others may want to keep the simulation running.  What do you think is the 
best way to mediate a situation such as this and why.

    ex. majority rules  --> reason : These people are assumed to be experts and
                            know what they are doing.

THANK IN ADVANCE (TIA)

P.S I am 90% sure that this is the correct new group for the question. I don't
    think a fuzzy logic tool would disagree with me posting to this group :) 


From awm@at1147 (Art Mansky)
Subject: Any experience with Lotus Notes?
Message-ID: <awm.727644820@at1147>
Sender: news@vitro.com (USENET News System)
Organization: Vitro Corporation
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1993 19:33:40 GMT
Lines: 14

	Has anyone had any experience with the Lotus Notes software
	package?  We are thinking of using it to handle a document
	management system, with information being scanned into the
	system from paper-based forms.  We have been led to believe 
	that it will handle the access to this information by multiple
	people, as well as their editing and putting their "OK" on
	each form.  Any experiences?

	Please reply to awm@vitro.com.  Thanks.

--
  	--------------------------------------------------------
	Art Mansky                      Internet:  awm@vitro.com
  	--------------------------------------------------------


From schayne@acs.ucalgary.ca (Stephen Hayne)
Subject: Re: DOS Collaborative Writing Software      
Sender: news@acs.ucalgary.ca (USENET News System)
Message-ID: <93Jan22.155857.27605@acs.ucalgary.ca>
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 93 15:58:57 GMT
References: <memo.871590@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Nntp-Posting-Host: acs2.acs.ucalgary.ca
Organization: The University of Calgary, Alberta
Lines: 18

In article <memo.871590@cix.compulink.co.uk> rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk writes:
>Pure DOS?  Doesn't seem to be much around.


There is a research sytem (not a product) called Multi-User Line
Editor that was written by Mark Pendergast (mpender@nervm.bitnet)
while a Phd student at University of Arizona - sorry, I couldn't
resist Mark :) :).

I have used this system in teaching GSS to my students and have it
installed in our lab where they can concurrently work on text
documents (i.e. term papers).  It functions fairly well (block
cut&pastes, locking at the line or paragraph level, etc).

-- 
Stephen C. Hayne, Assistant Professor, MIS, University of Calgary
    __!__       (403)220-7161    schayne@acs.ucalgary.ca
_____(_)_____   "I love to fly - my banker will verify."  BL30-GZJS


From mackinon@bcrkh1d.bnr.ca (Doug MacKinnon)
Subject: Re: Any experience with Lotus Notes?
Message-ID: <1993Jan22.183832.21156@bcrka451.bnr.ca>
Sender: mackinon@bcrkh1d (Doug MacKinnon)
Organization: Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, Canada
References:  <awm.727644820@at1147>
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 18:38:32 GMT
Lines: 33

In article <awm.727644820@at1147>, awm@at1147 (Art Mansky) writes:
|> 	Has anyone had any experience with the Lotus Notes software
|> 	package?  We are thinking of using it to handle a document
|> 	management system, with information being scanned into the
|> 	system from paper-based forms.  We have been led to believe 
|> 	that it will handle the access to this information by multiple
|> 	people, as well as their editing and putting their "OK" on
|> 	each form.  Any experiences?
|> 
|> 	Please reply to awm@vitro.com.  Thanks.
|> 
|> --
|>   	--------------------------------------------------------
|> 	Art Mansky                      Internet:  awm@vitro.com
|>   	--------------------------------------------------------

We are just embarking on a simillar evaluation; We have very little direct
experience yet, but would be very interested in hearing any feed-back YOU get.

So far, we have (pre-beta) copies of Lotus Notes v3 installed on Mac's and pc's;
Unix version coming soon...
Lotus' consulting group has given a number of training sessions here, and we
are just starting out prototyping apps and evaluating the systems' admin
impact... it looks hairy, but the payoff looks worth it!

-- 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Doug MacKinnon                                  
 Bell Northern Research                                         
 Ottawa Canada                                    
email address: mackinon@bnr.ca
Standard Disclaimer:
'The opinions expressed here are my own, and are not necessarily those of BNR'                                               


From dmittleman@bpavms.bpa.arizona.edu (Daniel Mittleman)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: DOS Collaborative Writing Software
Message-ID: <22JAN199312390800@bpavms.bpa.arizona.edu>
Date: 22 Jan 93 19:39:00 GMT
References: <memo.871590@cix.compulink.co.uk> <93Jan22.155857.27605@acs.ucalgary.ca>
Distribution: world,local
Organization: University of Arizona MIS Department
Lines: 20
Nntp-Posting-Host: bpavms.bpa.arizona.edu
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.41

In article <93Jan22.155857.27605@acs.ucalgary.ca>, schayne@acs.ucalgary.ca (Stephen Hayne) writes...
>There is a research sytem (not a product) called Multi-User Line
>Editor that was written by Mark Pendergast (mpender@nervm.bitnet)
>while a Phd student at University of Arizona - sorry, I couldn't
>resist Mark :) :).
> 
>I have used this system in teaching GSS to my students and have it
>installed in our lab where they can concurrently work on text
>documents (i.e. term papers).  It functions fairly well (block
>cut&pastes, locking at the line or paragraph level, etc).

    Yeah, I have used MULE and it is the most fluid multi-user editor I
    have seen (I have used three and seen several others at CSCW.)  MULE is
    a bit finicky about network configurations and at this point I doubt
    Pendergast is supporting it (Mark is out there writing spectacular
    multi-user graphics tools tools these days.)  But maybe Hayne wouldn't
    mind supporting it for you :>

===========================================================================
daniel david mittleman     -     danny@arizona.edu     -     (602) 621-2932


From jdickson@jato.jpl.nasa.gov (Jeff Dickson)
Subject: Re: Help! Zilog E-maile address 
Message-ID: <1993Jan22.225134.26517@jato.jpl.nasa.gov>
Keywords: Z80, CPU
Organization: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
References: <AAJkJNhep7@tom.spb.su>
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 22:51:34 GMT
Lines: 15

In article <AAJkJNhep7@tom.spb.su> sovch@tom.spb.su writes:
>Hi,
>
>Does anyone know any manufacture which CPU Z80A ?
>I need their E-mail address ( Telex,Fax and phone number if it's possible)
>to contact with ? I'm in Russian and my friend's company wants to import
>these products.
>
>Thanks !
>
>Sergey
>
	Don't remember the exact street address, but somewhere on Bubb Rd
	Cupertino, Ca. 



From atwoodj@storm.CS.ORST.EDU (John Atwood)
Newsgroups: comp.human-factors,comp.groupware
Subject: Re: AT&T PicturePhone Failure Papers?
Date: 23 Jan 1993 09:59:18 GMT
Organization: Computer Science Department, Oregon State University
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <1jr4tmINNkbm@flop.ENGR.ORST.EDU>
References: <1993Jan21.120745.12023@bernina.ethz.ch>
NNTP-Posting-Host: storm.cs.orst.edu
Keywords: PicturePhone Failure

The PicturePhone failed because it altered the locus of control from callee
to caller, orso says a fanscinating paper I read a while back.  I'll try to
find the cite.


John



From STORCK@BUMETA.BU.EDU (JOHN STORCK)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: PicturePhone Failure
Message-ID: <108067@bu.edu>
Date: 23 Jan 93 17:58:29 GMT
Sender: news@bu.edu
Organization: Boston University School of Management
Lines: 6
X-News-Reader: VMS NEWS 1.22

An article by Carmen Egido, "Teleconferencing as a Technology to Support
Cooperative Work: Its Possibilities and Limitations" (Intellectual Team-
work, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1990) also discusses
reasons why the original PicturePhone failed.
You might also refer to an article by Carmen Egido which appeared in 
Intellectual Teamwork: "Teleconferencing as a Technology to Support


From keithw@conan.endicott.ibm.com (Keith J. Werkman)
Subject: Groupware 93 conference
Sender: @watson.ibm.com
Message-ID: <1993Jan23.224138.56460@watson.ibm.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jan 93 22:41:38 GMT
Reply-To: keithw@conan.endicott.ibm.com (Keith J. Werkman)
Organization: IBM TJ Watson Research
Keywords: CFP
Lines: 4

Can anyone out there send me a pointer to a Call For Papers for
Groupware 93, August 9-13, 1993 in San Jose, CA, USA?	

Thanks in advance....-keith


From weymouth@mercury.eecs.umich.edu (Terry E. Weymouth)
Subject: Re: Groupware 93 conference
Message-ID: <1993Jan24.151929.23922@zip.eecs.umich.edu>
Sender: news@zip.eecs.umich.edu (Mr. News)
Reply-To: weymouth@engin.umich.edu
Organization: University of Michigan EECS Dept., Ann Arbor, MI
References: <1993Jan23.224138.56460@watson.ibm.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 1993 15:19:29 GMT
Lines: 9

In article <1993Jan23.224138.56460@watson.ibm.com>  
keithw@conan.endicott.ibm.com (Keith J. Werkman) writes:
> >Can anyone out there send me a pointer to a Call For Papers  
for
> >Groupware 93, August 9-13, 1993 in San Jose, CA, USA?	
> >
> >Thanks in advance....-keith

and me... please post (repost?)


From ampac@netcom.com (Marc Kulla)
Subject: Product Info? * KeyFile *
Message-ID: <1993Jan24.180113.111@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom Online Communications Services (408-241-9760 login: guest)
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 1993 18:01:13 GMT
Lines: 8

Has anyone heard of a product called 'KeyFile'?  If so, I'm trying to
locate the company that produces it.

Thanks.

Marc
e-mail: ampac@netcom.com



From kassover@rumsey.crd.ge.com (David Kassover)
Newsgroups: comp.human-factors,comp.groupware
Subject: Re: AT&T PicturePhone Failure Papers?
Keywords: PicturePhone Failure
Message-ID: <1993Jan24.212800.7716@crd.ge.com>
Date: 24 Jan 93 21:28:00 GMT
References: <1993Jan21.120745.12023@bernina.ethz.ch> <1jr4tmINNkbm@flop.ENGR.ORST.EDU>
Sender: usenet@crd.ge.com (Required for NNTP)
Organization: nope
Lines: 21
Nntp-Posting-Host: rumsey.crd.ge.com

In article <1jr4tmINNkbm@flop.ENGR.ORST.EDU> atwoodj@storm.CS.ORST.EDU (John Atwood) writes:
>The PicturePhone failed because it altered the locus of control from callee
>to caller, orso says a fanscinating paper I read a while back.  I'll try to
>find the cite.

Picturephone failed because it couldn't be delivered profitably.

A lot has changed in 23 years; perhaps useful and interesting
functionality can now be delivered without doubling or tripling
the phone rates.

But after watching the touchtone fiasco over the last three
decades, I kinda doubt certain service providers will be able to
pull it off.


-- 
David Kassover             "Proper technique helps protect you against
uupsi!khazad!kassover	          sharp weapons and dull judges."
kassover@aule-tek.com                   F. Collins
kassover@ra.crd.ge.com


From keith@sytex.com (Keith Attenborough)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Any experience with Lotus
Message-ID: <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 93 18:44:42 EST
X-Maildoor: WaflineMail 1.00r
Lines: 37

Mr Mansky;
On 21 Jan 93, on subject: Any experience with Lotus Notes? in
Message-ID: <awm.727644820@at1147> you wrote:

AM>        Has anyone had any experience with the Lotus Notes software
  >        package?  We are thinking of using it to handle a document
  >        management system, with information being scanned into the
  >        system from paper-based forms.  We have been led to believe
  >        that it will handle the access to this information by multiple
  >        people, as well as their editing and putting their "OK" on
  >        each form.  Any experiences?

AM>        Please reply to awm@vitro.com.  Thanks.

AM>--
  >        --------------------------------------------------------
  >        Art Mansky                      Internet:  awm@vitro.com
  >        --------------------------------------------------------

I don't have any experience yet, but my organization is working on
installing Notes to support all the document form stuff -- papers,
memos, position documents, images, etc. we use on a daily basis.  One of
the key features we were looking for and believe Notes provides is
support for workflow management, the ability to use the system to route
material to the corrct people for review and editing, then ensuring that
it is really those individuals who have done the work.  It seems
designed to handle those tasks well.  Apparently if you are going to be
doing a lot of image management, you will probably need a companion
product called Lotus Notes:Document Imaging (LN:DI).

I would appreciate hearing of any responses you receive, I'm looking for
all the info I can collect.  Thanks in advance.

Keith
keith@sytex.com

                                                                                                                       


From keith@sytex.com (Keith Attenborough)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: Any experience with L
Message-ID: <gate.cTNwXB1w165w@sytex.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 93 18:44:47 EST
X-Maildoor: WaflineMail 1.00r
Lines: 51

Mr MacKinnon;

In article <1993Jan22.183832.21156@bcrka451.bnr.ca> mackinon@bcrkh1d
you wrote to Art Mansky    Internet: awm@vitro.com

DM>We are just embarking on a simillar evaluation; We have very little direct
  >experience yet, but would be very interested in hearing any feed-back YOU ge

DM>So far, we have (pre-beta) copies of Lotus Notes v3 installed on Mac's and p
  >Unix version coming soon...
  >Lotus' consulting group has given a number of training sessions here, and we
  >are just starting out prototyping apps and evaluating the systems' admin
  >impact... it looks hairy, but the payoff looks worth it!

DM>--
  >----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  > Doug MacKinnon
  > Bell Northern Research
  > Ottawa Canada
  >email address: mackinon@bnr.ca
  >Standard Disclaimer:
  >'The opinions expressed here are my own, and are not necessarily those of BN

Like you, I saw Mr Mansky's post and expressed an interest in hearing
of experience gained.  We are about to launch off on a NOTES
installation for my four workgroup, 200 user, organization, with Notes
being the primary network application -- in fact, its capabilities are
why we're acquiring the network in the first place.  We identified a
business need to gain control over the disparite document form
(spreadsheet, graphs, briefings, memo, point papers, correspondance
etc.), NOTES as the application to meet the need and a network as the
infrastructure required to support Notes.

I would be very interested in sharing any information you glean from
your evaluation, especially regarding the level of ongoing support
needed to maintain Notes usability.

Based on our preliminary review, we intend to place a Notes "guru" in
every major sub-workgroup, about a ratio of one per 12 to 15 users.
These folks would be specifically trained, but not dedicated full time
-- essentially we'd take line analysts, train them up, and expect them
to devote maybe 25% to 30% of their time to supporting Notes.  We
believe this time will be available due to the savings resulting from
the use of the application's features.

Again I would appreciate any information you may be willing to share.
Thanks in advnace.

Keith
keith@sytex.com
                                                                 


From janem@janem.mentorg.com (Jane Merrow)
Subject: Re: AT&T PicturePhone Failure Papers?
Sender: news@news.mentorg.com (News User)
Message-ID: <1993Jan25.173143.1117@news.mentorg.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jan 1993 17:31:43 GMT
Reply-To: jane_merrow@mentorg.com
References: <1993Jan21.120745.12023@bernina.ethz.ch> <1jr4tmINNkbm@flop.ENGR.ORST.EDU> <1993Jan24.212800.7716@crd.ge.com>
Nntp-Posting-Host: janem.mentorg.com
Organization: Mentor Graphics Corporation, Wilsonville, OR
Keywords: PicturePhone Failure
Followup-To: 
Lines: 16

In article <1993Jan24.212800.7716@crd.ge.com>, kassover@rumsey.crd.ge.com (David Kassover) writes:
|> 
|> A lot has changed in 23 years; perhaps useful and interesting
|> functionality can now be delivered without doubling or tripling
|> the phone rates.
|> 

There's a new color picturephone on the market now.  It costs about
$1500 per unit (which means $3000 to get one for yourself and someone
to talk to and see).  It is supposed to run on the regular phone lines 
with no added fees, so the cost is only in acquiring the equipment. 


-----------------------------
Jane Merrow
   jane_merrow@mentorg.com


From hoffmann@sri.com (Marcelo Hoffmann)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: Groupware 93 conference
Message-ID: <hoffmann-250193094613@128.18.35.40>
Date: 25 Jan 93 17:47:21 GMT
References: <1993Jan23.224138.56460@watson.ibm.com> <1993Jan24.151929.23922@zip.eecs.umich.edu>
Sender: news@unix.SRI.COM
Followup-To: comp.groupware
Organization: SRI International
Lines: 27

In article <1993Jan24.151929.23922@zip.eecs.umich.edu>,
weymouth@mercury.eecs.umich.edu (Terry E. Weymouth) wrote:
> 
> In article <1993Jan23.224138.56460@watson.ibm.com>  
> keithw@conan.endicott.ibm.com (Keith J. Werkman) writes:
> > >Can anyone out there send me a pointer to a Call For Papers  
> for
> > >Groupware 93, August 9-13, 1993 in San Jose, CA, USA?	
> > >
> > >Thanks in advance....-keith
> 
> and me... please post (repost?)

You may be too late to send anything in (papers were due Jan 15th, and the
advisory board is now looking through the abstracts to select those to be
accepted), but if you truly want to pursue this further, you need to
write/call David Coleman, the conference chairman.  He can be reached at:
 tel (415) 282-9151;
 FAX (415) 550-8556. 

Good luck. 
 
Marcelo Hoffmann
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Ave.
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415.859.3680


From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk (Roger Whitehead)
Subject: Product Info? * KeyFile *               
Cc: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Reply-To: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Date: Mon, 25 Jan 1993 21:07:00 +0000
Message-ID: <memo.893749@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Sender: usenet@demon.co.uk
Lines: 18

I don't know the source of it, but it's sold here in the UK by NBI (tel 0753
574118; fax 0753 574129).  Ask for Paul Skinner.

Roger

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Roger Whitehead,
Director,
Office Futures,
14 Amy Road,
Oxted,
Surrey    RH8 0PX
England

Telephone:  +44 883 713074
Fax:  +44 883 716793
Email:  rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk


From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk (Roger Whitehead)
Subject: Re: Groupware 93 conference             
Cc: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Reply-To: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Date: Mon, 25 Jan 1993 21:07:00 +0000
Message-ID: <memo.893747@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Sender: usenet@demon.co.uk
Lines: 4

Why not email David Coleman, the organizer.  He's on


Roger


From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk (Roger Whitehead)
Subject: Groupware 93 conference                 
Cc: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Reply-To: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk
Date: Mon, 25 Jan 1993 23:32:00 +0000
Message-ID: <memo.894205@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Sender: usenet@demon.co.uk
Lines: 18

Why not email David Coleman, the organizer.  He's on davidc@aol.com or
davidc@cup.portal.com

Roger

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Roger Whitehead,
Director,
Office Futures,
14 Amy Road,
Oxted,
Surrey    RH8 0PX
England

Telephone:  +44 883 713074
Fax:  +44 883 716793
Email:  rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk


From s19184@seb.se (Michael Evans)
Date: 25 Jan 93 22:37:18 +0100
References: <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com>
Organization: S-E-Banken, Sweden
Nntp-Posting-Host: sto009
Nntp-Posting-User: s19184
Lines: 34

In article <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com>, keith@sytex.com (Keith Attenborough)
   writes:
> I don't have any experience yet, but my organization is working on
> installing Notes to support all the document form stuff -- papers,
> memos, position documents, images, etc. we use on a daily basis.  One of
> the key features we were looking for and believe Notes provides is
> support for workflow management, the ability to use the system to route
> material to the corrct people for review and editing, then ensuring that
> it is really those individuals who have done the work.  It seems
> designed to handle those tasks well.

Unless things have changed since autumn 1992, then I am not sure that 
Lotus Notes is designed to handle more formal worksflows well.

We had a good look at the functions and found that it was missing 
monitoring process times, escalation generically through the 
organisation (if he takes too long dealing with this case, signal his 
manager), split & join parallel activities etc.

Of course, we could have implemented these functions, but then it 
would have been OUR implementation, and not the standard Lotus 
implementation which future Notelets would use.

I may be wrong, I which case I am very interested of your experiences, 
or I may have the wrong definition of workflow processing, in which 
case I stand to be corrected.

Regards,
/Mike
-- 
Michael Evans    Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (S-E-Banken)
SEB Data R                   Telephone: +46-8-639 33 70
S-106 40  Stockholm                Fax: +46-8-639 37 62
Sweden                        Internet: mike@seb.se


From et-wkshp@cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu (Enabling Technology Workshop)
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 1993 05:29:15 GMT
Sender: news@cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu (USENET News System)
Followup-To: poster
Organization: Concurrent Engineering Research Center
Keywords: Concurrent Engineering, Collaborative Enterprise, Process Reengineering, Virtual Teams, Groupware
Nntp-Posting-Host: cathedral.cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu
Lines: 141



			Final Call for Papers
			----------------------

		2nd IEEE Workshop on Enabling Technologies 
	     Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE)

	      Extended deadline + Satellite Broadcast information

Concurrent Engineering Research Center (CERC) with sponsorships from
IEEE Computer Society, AAAI and in cooperation with ACM Sigart is
conducting a workshop on April 20-22, 1993 in Morgantown, WV. Papers
reporting survey, original research, design and development, and
applications of enabling technologies are sought in the following
areas:

Virtual Team Support Environments
Information Sharing in Distributed Systems
Enterprise modeling
Process Capture and Characterization
Process Re-engineering
Integration of heterogeneous and legacy databases
Projects and Team Coordination
Requirements, Constraints, Workflow Tracking and Management tools
Networked Collocation
Tools for multi-media conferencing on Local and  Wide Area Networks
Capturing design intent and intelligent retrieval of corporate 	knowledge
Enterprise Integration Frameworks

Instructions for Submitting Papers
----------------------------------
Papers should be no more than 20 typewritten, double spaced,
single-sided pages including all text figures and references. Papers
should have a title page that includes the title of the paper; full
name, affiliation, physical address, electronic address, and tele-
phone number of all authors; authors are encouraged to write a 300
word abstract; and a list of keywords that identify the central issues
of the paper's content. You can submit postscript files electronically
as well.

Deadlines
---------

Four (4) Copies of the full paper 	Feb 15, 1993
Notification of Decisions		March 8, 1993
Final Version of the Paper 		April 15, 1993

Authors of accepted papers will be invited to attend 
this three day workshop on Enabling technologies.

Papers submitted to this workshop will be published as proceedings (in
book form) by IEEE Computer press in early summer.

Satellite Broadcast of one of the workshop panels
-------------------------------------------------
A national satellite broadcast on the subject of "Technologies and
Organizational Issues for the Collaborative Enterprise" is being
planned. We expect the broadcast will be received in at least 25
locations connected to the National Technological University satellite
facility. This 2hr long panel is being held on the first day of the
workshop.  If you would like to find out how to receive this broadcast
please contact Mike Lawson at mlawson@cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu.

Registration information
------------------------
The workshop is primarily for invited participants. The invitees are
based on the papers submitted. We expect roughly 70-80 people to
actively participate in the discussions. Depending on space
constraints and number of papers received we may allow some limited
number of attendees who do not submit papers.  Decision on this will
be made after March 8, 1993. There will be registration fee for the
workshop along the following lines:

	IEEE Members		$250
	Non members		$310

The registration covers: breakfast, lunch and dinner for the duration of the
workshop; and proceedings of the workshop. 

Workshop committee
------------------
Workshop Chair: Dr. Ramana Reddy, CERC
Program Chair: Dr. V. Jagannathan, CERC

CERC Committee:
Professor John Callahan
Dr. Joe Cleetus
Professor Srinivas Kankanahalli
Dr. Harshavardhan Karandikar
Professor Raghu Karinthi
Professor Sumitra Reddy
Professor George Trapp
Dr. Ralph Wood

Program and review committee:
Dr. Willam Akin, Institute for Defense Analysis
Professor B. Chandrasekaran, Ohio State University
Dr. Anne-Laure Charue, Cap Sesa Industrie, France
Dr. Earl Craighill, SRI
Professor Prasun Dewan, Purdue
Professor Felix Londono, Universidad EAFIT, Medellin, Columbia
Dr. Robert Furick, Institute for Defense Analysis
Professor Mark Fox, University of Toronto
Mr. Ted Goranson, SAIC
Dr. Michael Huhns, MCC
Dr. R. Kannan, Shadyside Hospital
Dr. Kurt Kosanke, ESPRIT Consortitium AMICE
Dr. Jintae Lee, MIT
Dr. John Lewis, GE Corporate Research and Development
Professor Venkat Rangan, University of California, San Diego
Professor Duvuru Sriram, MIT
Dr. Marty Tennenbaum, Enterprise Integration Technology
Professor G. C. Vansteenkiste, University of Ghent, Belgium
Dr. Robert Winner, Institute for Defense Analysis

Operations (CERC)
Finance: Robert Chico
Local Arrangements: Dr. John Spears
Publicity: Mary Carriger
Registration: Sally Robinson
Audio-Visual: Larry McLaughlin
Satellite Broadcast: Mike Lawson

Submissions and questions regarding the workshop should be directed to:

V. "juggy" Jagannathan
Concurrent Engineering Research Center
Drawer 2000
P.O. Box 6506
West Virginia University 
886 Chestnut Ridge Road
Morgantown, WV 26506
Phone : Office: 304-293-7226 Extension: 170
	Fax: 304-293-7541
Email: et-wkshp@cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu







From consensus@aol.com (Christopher Allen)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: The Start of a Groupware Bibliography
Message-ID: <1993Jan26.075309.19307@gallant.apple.com>
Date: 26 Jan 93 07:53:09 GMT
Sender: news@gallant.apple.com
Organization: Consensus Development
Lines: 282

I have been collecting books and articles on Groupware for a couple of
years, and have periodically published the "Groupware Yellow Pages"
with listings of products and information resources concerning
Groupware.

As the next step in my efforts to disseminate information on groupware,
I am starting an effort to create bibliographic entries for all my
Groupware books, and hopefully over time all my articles.

I am asking for contributions to the Groupware Bibliography, as well as
volunteers to validate and check over new entries as they are added. I am
also looking for a anonomously accessible FTP site that can be a reliable
place to keep this information, as opposed to period postings here in
'comp.groupware'.

Enclosed is a preliminary copy of the Groupware Bibliography.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GROUPWARE BIBIOGRAPHY (Preliminary)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The groupware bibliography is an online reference to books, journals,
articles on the topic of groupware (or as it is known in academia:
computer-supported cooperative work.) Also included are a number of
reference to relevant related topics such as Facilitation, Organizational
Development, and Group Dynamics.

This bibliography will be compiled and validated by volunteers. If you
wish to add new items to this bibliography, please send them to Chris
Allen at the below address. If you wish to volunteer as a validator,
please contact Chris Allen for more detail.

| Christopher Allen                   America Online: Consensus |
| Consensus Development             Internet: consensus@aol.com |
| 3182 Campus Drive #501                    Tel: (415) 345-1060 |
| San Mateo, CA 94403-3123                  Fax: (415) 345-1714 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORMAT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The format we are using for the bibliography is the UNIX refer
format--it is simple format that eases email exchange, and a number of
programs like EndNote are able import it. However, it is an imperfect
format, and we are evaluating other formats that might be more
appropriate. When creating new bibliographic entries it is helpful to
use a pre-existing similar entry as a guide.

 CODE DESCRIPTION OF UNIX 'REFER' CODES       COMMENTS
 %A   Author's name                           Multiple %A fields
                                                allowed
 %B   Book containing article referenced      %T of edited book,
                                                proceedings, journal
 %C   City (place of publication)             OR place of presentation
 
 %D   Date of publication
 
 %E   Editor of book containing article       Multiple %E fields
                                                allowed
 %F   Footnote number or label (computed)     UNUSED, should be kept
                                                clear
 %G   Government order number                 ISBN, ISSN, or other
                                                number
 %H   Header commentary, printed before ref.  May include %T %D of other
                                                ref
 %I   Issuer (publisher)                      Name; phone number, fax,
                                                international number
 %J   Journal containing article              %T of journal
 
 %K   Keywords to help search for references  Init. upper-case, comma
                                                separated
 %L   Label field used by -k option of refer  UNUSED, should be kept
                                                clear
 %M   Bell Labs Memorandum (undefined)        UNUSED, mnemonic id/
                                                modification info.
 %N   Number of issue within volume           Chapt/sect/
                                                rept #, # ents.
 %O   Other commentary, printed after ref.    The field of last resort
 
 %P   Page number(s)                          Book/conf/rept # pages
 
 %Q   Corporate, Foreign Author               Unreversed author name
 
 %R   Report, paper, thesis (unpublished)     %T of tech. report,
                                                thesis
 %S   Series title                            OR Book/jour/conf sect.
                                                title
 %T   Title of article or book                Mixed case title format
                                                (do not use %J or %B 
 %U   User annotations                        UNUSED, should be kept
                                                clear
 %V   Volume number                           Used with with %N
 
 %W   undefined by refer                      UNUSED, Reserved for
                                                future use
 %X   Abstract                                Authors abstract (not
                                                bibliographers!)
 %Y   Table of Contents
 
 %Z   References
 
 %$   Purchase Price                          Default US$ (Member
                                                price/other price)
 %*   Copyright Notice                        REQUIRED if including %X
                                                Abstract
 %^   Contained Parts or Containing Doc       
 
 %!   Bibliographers Comments                 Bibliographers comments +
                                                name & email
 
NOTE ON ABSTRACTS: Due to copyright resistrictions, we may not release
in this bibliography any abstracts created by a commercial abstract
services. Thus we require that all %X abstracts be quoted directly from
the book or article (from the preface or cover,) not be more than 150
words, include the page number it is quoted from, and that the %*
Copyright notice be included. Abstracts written by a bibliographer
should placed in the %! comments field, and noted with the name of the
bibliographer and their email address. Multiple comments are
appreciated and will be included in future releases of this
bibliography.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Preliminary - Version 24 January 1993)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

%T !SCW '88
%T Proceedings of ACM CSCW'88 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work
%D 1988
%E Lucy Suchman
%O September 26-28, 1988, Portland, Oregon, USA
%N 32
%P 395
%I ACM; 800-342-6626, 410-528-4261
%G ISBN 0-89791-282-9; ACM Order Number 612880
%* Copyright (c) 1988 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
%$ $26 ACM-member/$40 non-member
%K Computer, Supported, Cooperative, Work, CSCW, Groupware, Collaboration,
Conference, 88


%T CSCW '90
%T Proceedings of ACM CSCW'90 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work
%D 1990
%E Deborah Tatar
%O October 7-10, 1990, Los Angeles, California, USA
%N 32
%P 396
%I ACM; 800-342-6626, 410-528-4261
%C New York, New York, USA
%G ISBN 0-89791-402-3; ACM Order Number 612900
%* Copyright (c) 1990 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
%$ $22 ACM-member/$30 non-member
%K Computer, Supported, Cooperative, Work, CSCW, Groupware, Collaboration,
Conference, 90


%T CSCW '92
%T Proceedings of ACM CSCW'92 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work
%O Sharing Perspectives
%D 1992
%E Jon Turner
%E Robert Kraut
%O October 31 - November 4, 1992, Toronto, Canada
%N 48
%P 403
%I ACM; 800-342-6626, 410-528-4261
%G softcover ISBN 0-89791-542-9; ACM Order Number 612920
%G hardcover ISBN 0-89791-543-7; ACM Order Number 612920
%* Copyright (c) 1992 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
%$ ? ACM-member/? non-member
%K Computer, Supported, Cooperative, Work, CSCW, Groupware, Collaboration,
Conference, 92


%T Groupware '92
%D 1992
%E David D. Coleman
%N 100
%P 543
%I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers; 800-745-7323, fax 415-578-0672
%C San Mateo, California
%G ISBN 1-55860-261-5
%* Copyright (c) 1992 by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
%K Groupware, Conference, Commercial, Business, Implementation, Lotus,
Notes
%X (From back cover) Groupware and workgroup solutions represent one of
the fastest growing segments of computing. This rapid growth has
created a demand for the first commercial groupware converences,
cosponsored by Lotus Development Corporation and SRI International and
produced by the Conference Group. The volume collents written versions
of the conference presentations and panel sessions. Each chapter
presents insights on the technology and commercial applications of this
dynamic new software. This collection will be of itnerest to a wide
range of computer professionals interested in the technical and
commercial apsects of collaborative computing.
&Y
General Sessions
Track 1: Mangement and Cultural Issues
Track 2: Technology and Groupware Development
Track 3: Groupware in the Commercial Marketplace
Track 4: Combination Track
Track 5: User Experiences
Track 6: Special Sessions
Alternates
%! These proceedings in some ways resemble the bi-annual CSCW
proceedings, however, with much more emphasis on commercially available
software, the  business uses of groupware, and research involving
real-world implementation issues. As might be expected there is some
commercial hype, but in general these proceedings offer information of
use to academics, groupware designers, as well as users. -- Chris Allen
[consensus@aol.com]


%T Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of
Cooperative
Work
%A J. Galegher
%A R. E. Kraut
%A C. Egido
%D 1990
%I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 
%C Hillsdale, New Jersey
&G hardcover ISBN 0-8058-0533-8
&G softcover ISBN 0-8058-0534-6
%* Copyright (c) 1990 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
%$ paperback $36
%K Small Groups, Information Technology--Social Aspects, Communication
Small Groups, Cooperativeness, Work Groups, Teamwork, Computer Supported
Cooperative Work, CSCW, Groupware, Collaboration, Organization, Social
Process
%X (From Preface, page xiv) Our belief in organising this book is that
basic research on social processes can provide guidance to those
creating technology for group work, and that the design of these tools
presents a new challenge to social scientists. Our goal is to
demonstrate the mutual relevance of social science and the design of
information systems and to encourage the better intergration of those
disciplines. We do so by bringing together in this volume the work of
social scientists studying phenomena associated with work in groups and
researchers developing tools to support such groups.
&Y
Part   I: Basic Social Process
Part  II: Field Studies of Collaborative Work
Part III: Experiences with Technology for Cooperative Work
Part  IV: Technology for Cooperative Work


%T Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: A Book of Readings
%E Irene Greif
%D 1987
%I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers; 800-745-7323, fax 415-578-0672
%C San Mateo, California
%G ISBN 0-934613-57-5
%* Copyright (c) 1988 by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
%$ $39.95
%K Work Groups--Data Processing, Microcomputers, Microcomputer
Workstations,  Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW, Groupware, Work
Group, Teamwork
%X (From Preface, page iii) This collection of papers grows out of two
meetings on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). It includes
several background papers--reports of the original visionary workds,
early research projects, and related technologies. Many of the more
recent papers are in widely disseminated journals, but have never
appeared together in final form. Together they constitute a set that will
have continuing value as a basic reference for both researchers and
practitioners in the CSCW field. Although this is not a "how to" book for
"groupware," it can also serve as valuable background reading for
developers, designers and users of computer systems.
%Y
Part   I: Visions and First Steps toward CSCW
Part  II: New Technologies for CSCW
Part III: CSCW Design Theories
%! This collection of academically focused papers from older CSCW
Conferences contains many of the seminal academic papers on the topic,
going back to Vannevar Bush and Douglas Englebart. I consider it an
essential book for any academic or groupware designer, but it is not
suited for the more non-academic groupware user. -- Chris Allen
[consensus@aol.com]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
END BIBLIOGRAPHY (Preliminary - Version 24 January 1993)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------


From julian@comp.lancs.ac.uk (Julian G. Self)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: Groupware 93 conference
Message-ID: <1993Jan26.104132.12274@comp.lancs.ac.uk>
Date: 26 Jan 93 10:41:32 GMT
References: <1993Jan23.224138.56460@watson.ibm.com> <1993Jan24.151929.23922@zip.eecs.umich.edu>
Organization: Department of Computing at Lancaster University, UK.
Lines: 73


Is this what you are looking for?

	Julian

---8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<-----8<---

>From dcl-cs!uknet!mcsun!uunet!olivea!hal.com!sumeru.hal.com!not-for-mail Fri Jan 15 18:27:09 WET 1993
Article: 1534 of comp.groupware
Path: dcl-cs!uknet!mcsun!uunet!olivea!hal.com!sumeru.hal.com!not-for-mail
From: allison@hal.COM (Dennis Allison)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Call for Papers -- GroupWare '93 USA
Message-ID: <1ivpgnINN205@sumeru.hal.com>
Date: 13 Jan 93 00:59:03 GMT
Organization: HaL Computer Systems, Inc.
Lines: 47
NNTP-Posting-Host: sumeru.hal.com

GROUPWARE '93 
Conference Announcement and Call for Papers

GroupWare '92 featured over 130 speakers and 55 exhibitors representing
almost 200 groupware solutions.  The demand for infomration on
groupware and workgroup solutions is growing as groupware becomes more
commercial.  GroupWare '93 is an industry event positioned to help meet 
that demand.  Groupware '93 will be held on August 9-13, 1993 at the
San Jose Convention Center, San Jose, CA.

The conference will feature a full day of 16 tutorials by consultants, analysts,
and industry experts.  A wide variety of general sessions, 3-4 topic-oriented tracks, 
computer-mediated discussions and workshoips will comprise the 60 sessions of this
second annual conference.  To be considered for time for a presentation,, tutorial,
workshop, por electronic discussion at GroupWare '93, a 100 word abstract and 50-word
biography must be submitted to the address below by January 15, 1993.  Abstracts may be
submitted by mail, FAX or electronic mail; to be considered you must include full
contact information (Name, title, phone, fax, address, and alternate contacts).

Suggested Topic for GroupWare 93:

. User groupware experiences			. Internationalizing groupware
. Groupware in the enterprise			. E-mail Standards
. Groupware adoption Issues			. Groupware licensing and distribution
. Groupware development environments		. Automated scheduling
. Groupware applications frameworks		. SGML and groupware
. Database foundations for groupware		. Workflow products and issues
. Cooperative documents and spreadsheets	. Groupware market trends
. Security and Groupware			. Groupware options for decision support
. Groupware and multimedia			. Groupware in document and image management
. Topics for electronic meeting room discussions
. Vendor collaboration in the groupware environment of the 1990's

All speakers selected by the program committee and participating in the
conference will have the $795 conference fee waived.  All abstracts and
proposal should be sent to

David Coleman, Conference Chairman
GroupWare '93
1470 DeHaro Street
San Francisco, CA  94107
Fax (415) 550-8556
MCI Mail 402-6507
Internet davidc121@aol.com

For information on exhibiting or conference logistics contact The Conference Group,
(800) 247-0262 or (602) 661-1260.


-- 
NAME:   Julian G. Self                  PHONE: +44 524 65201 ext 3141
JANET:  julian@uk.ac.lancs.comp         FAX:   +44 524 381707
POST:   University of Lancaster, Department of Computing, Engineering Building,
        Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YR, UNITED KINGDOM.


From jcarroll@jacc.com (Jim Carroll)
Reply-To: jcarroll@jacc.com
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: Any experience with Lotus Notes
Message-ID: <7-PCNews-124beta@jacc.com>
Date: 26 Jan 93 12:0:46 GMT
Organization: J.A.CarrollConsulting
References: <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com> <1993Jan25.223718.1@seb.se>
Lines: 48

s19184@seb.se (Michael Evans @ S-E-Banken, Sweden) once wrote....
>In article <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com>, keith@sytex.com (Keith Attenborough)
>   writes:
>> I don't have any experience yet, but my organization is working on
>> installing Notes to support all the document form stuff -- papers,
>> memos, position documents, images, etc. we use on a daily basis.  One of
>> the key features we were looking for and believe Notes provides is
>> support for workflow management, the ability to use the system to route
>> material to the corrct people for review and editing, then ensuring that
>> it is really those individuals who have done the work.  It seems
>> designed to handle those tasks well.
>
>Unless things have changed since autumn 1992, then I am not sure that 
>Lotus Notes is designed to handle more formal worksflows well.
>
>We had a good look at the functions and found that it was missing 
>monitoring process times, escalation generically through the 
>organisation (if he takes too long dealing with this case, signal his 
>manager), split & join parallel activities etc.
>
>Of course, we could have implemented these functions, but then it 
>would have been OUR implementation, and not the standard Lotus 
>implementation which future Notelets would use.
>
>I may be wrong, I which case I am very interested of your experiences, 
>or I may have the wrong definition of workflow processing, in which 
>case I stand to be corrected.
>

I'm very intrigued by the components of workflow that you mention; such
as monitoring process times, escalation etc. in the paragraph above. I would
be very interested in a list of such issues, i.e that would make up a
full and complete workflow system. If you have any references to articles
that refer to such components as well, that would be most useful

Are these things well defined, or are they still being defined as worklow/
rules based processing continues to mature...?

jc

----
        ____     ___ ___       Jim Carroll, J.A. Carroll Consulting
          / /\  /   /          _____________________________________
         / /__\/   /           Internet            jcarroll@jacc.com 
     \__/ /    \___\___        Voice or Fax        +1.416.855.2950   
                                  Mississauga, Ontario, Canada                                                
                                  (in the suburbs of Toronto)



From jms@tennis.tucson.az.us (The Trabants of the networking field)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: The Start of a Groupware Bibliography
Message-ID: <26JAN199310355418@tennis.tucson.az.us>
Date: 26 Jan 93 17:35:00 GMT
References: <1993Jan26.075309.19307@gallant.apple.com>
Organization: University of Arizona MIS Department - Mosaic Group
Lines: 7241
NNTP-Posting-Host: spring.tucson.az.us
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.50A

Here is my groupware bibliography.  It's in BibTeX format, which is
trivially convertible to Scribe format.  This is about 2 years out
of date; since I changed the topic of my dissertation, I haven't
added anything to it.

There may be duplicate entries; this is actually three different 
bibliographies concatenated.  The third is courtesy of Prof. Stephen
Hayne (who was last seen somewhere cold in Canada).

jms

Joel Snyder, Opus One
jms@Opus1.COM

----------------

@string{jmis="Journal of Management Information Systems"}
@string{misq="Management Information Systems Quarterly"}
@string{cacm="Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"}
@string{jacm="Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery"}
@string{bstj="The Bell System Technical Journal"}
@string{cah = "Computers and the Humanities"}

% vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
% These articles added after November 25-30 research
% session at U of A library.
% 

@article{Zimmerman87,
	author = "D.  Patrick Zimmerman",
	author-address = "University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois",
	title  = "Effects of Computer Conferencing on the language use
		of emotionally disturbed adolescents",
	Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
	volume = "19",
	number = "2",
	pages = "224--230",
	year = 1987, 
	abstract = "This study compared the computer-mediated 
communications among 18 severely disturbed adolescents with their small-
group, face-to-face discussions. A content analysis was performed to explore 
psychological, interpersonal, and expressive differences between the two 
communication modes, The findings indicated that computer involvement 
tended to improve communication in these areas."}

@article{Almes87,
	author = "Guy T. Almes and Cara L. Holman",
	author-address = "Dep't of Computer Science, Univ of Wash, Seattle,
			WA, 98195",	
	title = "Edmas:  {An} Object-Oriented, Locally Distributed Mail System",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
	volume = "SE-13",
	number = "9",
	month = "September",
	year = "1987",
	pages = "1001--1009",
	abstract = "The Eden Project conducts research in the design and 
implementation of a distributed computing environment for a local area 
network. A specific goal in designing Eden was to provide users the 
advantages of both physical distribution {\it and} logical integration. Edmas, 
the Eden mail system, provided an early test of Eden as a base for building 
distributed applications. This paper discusses Edmas, and shows how 
Eden's advanced functionality aided in structuring a distributed mail system, 
particularly in the areas of replying and distribution lists."}

@article{Noll85,
	author = "A. Michael Noll",
	title = "Videotex:  {Anatomy} of a Failure",
	author-address = "Annenberg School of Communications at the
		University of Southern California, LA,CA, 90089,
		(213) 743-7415",
	journal = "Information and Management",
	volume = "9",
	year = "1985",
	pages = "99--109",
	abstract = "Considerable excitement has been generated in Europe and 
North America in videotex---namely, the concept of electronic access in the 
home to centrally-located computerized data-based containing vast amount 
of data. However, the public offering of such services has thus far been 
unsuccessful in achieving significant penetrations in the residential market.
	Videotex is examined in this paper to illuminate possible reasons for 
its failure thus far in the residential marketplace. Comparisons are made 
with somewhat similar on-line systems for accessing computerized data-
bases and for performing transactions and transmitting messages to other 
people. The final conclusion is that most consumers simply do not have a 
need nor a desire to access vast computerized data-bases of general 
information. Videotex or any other similar system that attempts to satisfy 
consumer needs for information in such a fashion will surely fail."}

@article{Kaye86,
	author = "A. R. Kaye and K. E. Byne",
	title = "Insights on the Implementation of a Computer-based Message 
System",
	journal = "Information and Management",
	volume = "10",
	year = "1986",
	pages = "277--284",
	abstract = "Although computer-based message systems (CBMS) have 
been adopted in parts of many corporations, they are still a new form of 
communications to many others. This paper is addressed to management and 
planners who may be contemplating the introduction of a CBMS into their 
operations. Its purpose is to present insights we gained from a case study of 
such an implementation in a medium-sized, multi-national firm which 
decided to introduce a CBMS on a company-wide basis. We present results on 
usage patterns, including traffic volumes, and on what motivated staff and 
management to adopt the use of the system, the way they used it and the 
effects it had on their work and their interactions with others. The paper 
concludes wit a set of suggested implementation guidelines which flow from 
our experience."}

@incollection{Steinfield86,
	title = "Computer Mediated Communication in an Organizational
	Setting: {Explaining} Task-Related and Socioemotional Uses",
	booktitle = "Communication Yearbook~9",
	editor = "Margaret L. McLaughlin",
	publisher = "Sage Publications",
	address = "Beverly Hills",
	author-address = "Michigan State University",
	year = "1986",
	pages = "777-803",
	author = "Charles W. Steinfield",
	abstract = "Electronic mail systems are often viewed as the cornerstone 
of the ``office of the future'' (Bair,1979). These systems, which enable 
asynchronous yet potentially rapid textual interaction between individuals 
or groups, can be integrated with other functions of computers such as word 
processing or information retrieval to create a powerful support system for 
information workers. A substantial body of literature supports the general 
finding that managers and professionals spend a large proportion of their 
work day in communication-related activities, as much as 79 to 80 percent 
(Bair, 1979; Klemmer \& Snyder, 1972; Mintzberg, 1973; Ruchinskas, 1982). 
Because the managerial and professional labor force represent the greatest 
proportion of costs for labor, and the bulk of their time is spent 
communicating, improvements in the process of communication should have 
the greatest payoff to organizations. The argument  is made by proponents of 
new office technologies that computer-mediated systems of communication 
can overcome many of the inefficiencies of communication in the work place, 
leading  to significant increases in productivity (compare Bair,1979; 
Uhlig,Farber,Bair,1979)."}

@incollection{Rice82,
	booktitle = "Communication Yearbook~6",
	editor = "Michael Burgoon",
	publisher = "Sage Publications",
	address = "Beverly Hills",
	year = "1982",
	author = "Ronald E Rice",
	pages = "925--944",
	title = "Communication Networking in Computer Conferencing Systems:
		A Longitudinal Study of Group Roles and System Structure."}


@incollection{Rice86,
	booktitle = "Communication Yearbook~9",
	editor = "Margaret L. McLaughlin",
	publisher = "Sage Publications",
	address = "Beverly Hills",
	year = "1986",
	pages = "315-338",
	author = "Ronald E. Rice and George A. Barnett",
	title = "Group Communication Networking in an Information
		Environment: {A}pplying Metric Multidimensional Scaling",
	author-address = "USC/Annenberg School and SUNY/Buffalo",
	abstract = "Two major components of social interaction have been 
receiving increasing attention by researchers. The first in new 
communication media and the second is social networks. The research 
reported here combines these interests by describing and modeling the 
changes in the communication network of ten groups using a computer 
conferencing system over a two-year period. This combined focus in natural 
in that communication technologies facilitate human networks, while the 
analysis of networks can begin to identify patterns of use and social 
structure in new situations, such as new communication systems.
	Two aspects of {\it new media} are emphasized here: (a) the potential 
for changes in traditional communication patterns among groups due to 
attributes of these communication systems and (b) the availability of 
behavioral communication data collected by the medium's computer system. 
Two aspects of {\it network analysis} are emphasized here as well: (a) 
longitudinal analysis and modeling and (b) the application of metric 
multidimensional scaling as one appropriate network methodology."}

@incollection{Rice80,
	title = "Computer Conferencing",
	author = "Ronald E. Rice",
	editor = "Brenda Dervin and Melvin J. Volgt",
	booktitle = "Progress in Communication Sciences",
	author-address = "Institute for Communication Research, Stanford U",
	editor-address = "University of Washington and UCSD",
	volume = "II",
	publisher = "Ablex Publishing Corporation",
	address = "Norwood, New Jersey 07648",
	year = "1980",
	pages = "215--240",
	abstract = "Overview of computer conferencing systems"}

@article{Sproull86,
	author = "Lee Sproull and Sara Kiesler",
	title = "Reducing Social Context Cues:  {Electronic} Mail in 
	Organizational Communication",
	journal = "Management Science",
	volume = "32",
	number = "11",
	month = "November",
	year = "1986",
	pages = "1492--1512",
	abstract = "This paper examines electronic mail in organizational 
communication. Based on ideas about how social context cues within a 
communication setting affect information exchange, it argues that electronic 
mail does not simply speed up the exchange of information but leads to the 
exchange of new information as well. In a field study in a Fortune 500 
company, we used questionnaire data and actual messages to examine 
electronic mail communication at all levels of the organization. Based on 
hypotheses from research on social communication, we explored effects of 
electronic communication related to self-absorption, status equalization, and 
uninhibited behavior. Consistent with experimental studies, we found that 
decreasing social context cues has substantial deregulating effects on 
communication. And we found that much of the information conveyed 
through electronic mail was information that would not have been conveyed 
through another medium."}

@article{Lederberg80,
	author = "Joshua Lederberg",
	title = "Digital Communications and the Conduct of Science : {The} New 
		Literacy",
	journal = "Human Systems Management",
	volume = "1",
	year = "1980",
	pages = "29--37",
	abstract = "This essay is a personal perspective on the emergence of a 
new form of communication, optimistically call the 'eugram'. This form is 
based on the convergence of economical digital communications with 
computer aided facilities for file management, and protocols to facilitate the 
interconnection of users separated both in time and space. The eugram is 
contrasted with the telephone, with the latter's demands on instant 
availability and the subjugation of the user to an almost uninterruptable 
stream of data. The eugram is expected to increase the thoughtfulness of 
communication, the return of literacy in the efficient and precise use of 
language, and to enhance discourse in many other ways."}

@article{McLeod87,
	author = "Raymond McLeod and Jack Williams Jones",
	title = "A Framework for Office Automation",
	journal = misq,
	month = "March",
	year = "1987",
	pages = "87--104",
	abstract = "Much attention currently is being aimed at office 
automation. Proponents are recognizing its potential value to the manager as 
an information source, in addition to its initial focus on improved clerical 
operations. However, proponents are recommending office automation as an 
information system without citing any basis, theoretical or empirical, for 
their claims. The authors construct a theoretical framework that may be 
useful to the manager, or the system designer, in channeling office 
automation efforts in the right direction. The framework is based on Henry 
Mintzberg's concept of managerial roles, and is presented in the context of 
data gathered from five senior executives."}

@article{Mahmood87,
	author = "Mo A. Mahmood",
	title = "System Development Methods---{A} Comparative Investigation",
	journal = misq,
	month = "September",
	year = "1987",
	pages = "292--311",
	abstract = "This article presents a retrospective comparative study of 
the use of the system development life cycle (SDLC) and prototyping methods 
to help select a development approach for a given information systems (IS) 
project.  The respondents were asked (a) to decide independently whether 
one of the recent IS projects was developed using either the SDLC or 
prototyping approach and if so, (b) to evaluate the merit of that 
approach in terms of ease of project management, project requirements, 
project characteristics, impact on decision making, and user and 
designer satisfaction.  The results indicate:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Design methods cannot be considered apart from project, 
environment, and decision characteristics.
\item A clear cut preference of one method over the other could not be 
established.  Each method performed better in some areas than in others.
\item A framework that can be used by a project director for selecting a 
design method to develop a system could be postulated.
\end{enumerate}"}

@article{Culnan86,
	author = "Mary J Culnan",
	authors-address = "Department of Management, Kogod College of
		Business Administration, The American University, 
		Washington, DC, 20016",
	title = "The Intellectual Structure of {M}anagement {I}nformation
		{S}ystems, 1972--1982: {A} Co-citation Analysis",
	journal = "Management Science",
	volume = 32,
	number = 2,
	Month = "February",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "289--301"}

@article{Culnan87,
	author = "Mary J Culnan",
	authors-address = "Department of Management, Kogod College of
		Business Administration, The American University, 
		Washington, DC, 20016",
	title = "Mapping the Intellectual Structure of {MIS}, 1980-1985:
		{A} Co-Citation Analysis",
	journal = misq,
	month = "September",
	year = "1987",
	pages = "341--353",
	abstract = "This study is the second of two studies which assess 
the intellectual development of MIS.  The present study documents the 
current intellectual structure of MIS research based on an author 
co-citation analysis.  Five invisible colleges, or informal clusters of 
research activity, were identified (foundations; psychological 
approaches to MIS design and use; MIS management; organizational 
approaches to MIS design and use; and curriculum).  When contrasted with 
the earlier study, these results suggest that MIS has made significant 
progress toward a cumulative research tradition."}

@article{Livari87,
	author = "Juhani Livari and Erkki Koskela",
	authors-address = "University of Oulu, Institute of Data 
		Processing Science, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 OULU 57, Finland",
	title = "The {PIOCO} Model for Information Systems Design",
	journal = misq,
	month = "September",
	year = "1987",
	pages = "401--419",
	abstract = "The PIOCO model is a comprehensive methodology for 
information systems design consisting of a meta-model for an information 
system, the corresponding description languages, a process model for 
information systems design, and a model for choice and quality criteria. 
 The meta-model for an information system consists of three levels of 
abstraction and forms a profound and articulated conceptual basis for 
the PIOCO model for the IS design process.
	The article gives an overview of the PIOCO approach from a 
management perspective, emphasizing the role of IS design as an inquiry 
process supporting the decision-making concerning the information 
design, the quality criteria related to the IS design, and the use of 
the PIOCO model as a macro-framework which integrates more detailed 
micro-level methodologies, methods, techniques and tools."}

@article{Stanley81,
	author = "Bob Stanley",
	title = "Computer Conferencing: A tool for Third World 
Scientists?",
	journal = "International Perspectives",
	month = "November",
	year = "1981",
	pages = "SP1--SP3"}

@article{Ergener86,
	author="Deniz Ergener and A. Rodney Wellens",
	authors-address="University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida,
	Dep't of Psychology, Univ of Miami, PO Box 248185, 33124",
	title = "A split-screen electronic messaging system for Apple {II}
	computers",
	journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and 
Computers",
	volume = 17,
	number = 5,
	pages = "556--564",
	year = 1985,
	abstract = "A method is described for configuring an Apple II+ 
or Apple IIe computer to create a multiuser, multiwindowed, electronic 
messaging system for use in computer-mediated communication research."}

@article{Kochen82,
	author="Manfred Kochen",
	authors-address="Mental Health Research Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA",
	title = "On-line communities for conflict management",
	journal = "Human Systems Management",
	year = 1982,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "129-135",
	abstract = "Conflict appears to be concomitant with all forms of 
life.  It can enhance survival and quality of life if it is not 
excessive and remains under control.  A model of conflict and its 
management is used to derive conditions favoring, inhibiting, 
controlling or regulating conflict.  The idea is to divert energy from 
engaging in conflict and its dissipation toward constructive goal 
revision and the formation of a new community of interest around the 
revised goal.  Computer conferencing is proposed as a catalyst in this 
communication process.  The possibility of maintaining an 
action-oriented community of inquiry that would sustain debate toward 
new goals at or above an acceptable level and keep conflict-related 
energy dissipation below acceptable limits is an empirically testable 
hypothesis on which further research is suggested."}

@inbook{Vallee84,
	author = "Jacques Vallee",
	title = "Computer Message Systems",
	publisher = "McGraw-Hill Publications Company",
	year = 1984,
	series = "Data Communications Book Series",
	address = "New York, New York",
	additional-address = "1221 Avenue of the Americas, NY, NY, 10020",
	pages = "70-87",
	abstract = "In Chap 5: Tools of Conferencing, the author 
describes two systems PARTICIPATE and NOTEPAD.  In Chap 6: Analysis of 
Group Communications, the author addresses capturing group usage and
cost data, user-level statistics, and reactions and perceptions"}

@inproceedings{Racke86,
	author = "Wilhelm F Racke and Thomas E {Sch\"utt}",
	author-address = "IBM Germany, European Networking Center, 
Tiegartenstrasse 15, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany, Tel (49) 6221-404-218",
	title = "Integration of Group Communication into {CCITT} {X.400}
	Message Handling Systems",
	booktitle = "Networking in Open Systems",
	year = 1986,
	editor = "{G\"unter} {M\"uller} and Robert P Blanc",
	pages = "117-127",
	publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
	address = "Berlin",
	note = "Proceedings of International Seminar held in Oberlech, 
Austria, August 18-22, 1986",
	abstract = "This paper discusses the basic concepts of the X.400 
specification for an electronic Message Handling System with respect to 
the integration of group communication processes.  Three group 
communication scenarios are distinguished: distribution-oriented, 
collection-oriented, and coordination-oriented communication.  Possible 
solutions for the integration of the distribution-oriented features into 
an X.400 based MHS are described and some light is shed onto the 
problems involved with the more complex collection-oriented and 
coordination-oriented communication."}

@inproceedings{Kuo79,
	author = "Franklin F. Kuo",
	title = "Message Services in Computer Networks",
	author-address = "Dep't of Electrical Engineering, University of 
	Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822",
	booktitle = "Interlinking of Computer Networks",
	year = 1978,
	editor = "Kenneth G. Beauchamp",
	editor-address = "University of Lancaster, UK",
	pages = "387-395",
	publisher = "D. Reidel Publishing Company",
	address = "Dordrecht, Holland",
	note = "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held
	at Bonas, France, August 28 -- September 8, 1978",
	abstract = "In this paper we discuss the key issues in the generation 
and distribution of messages in a computer network.  The principal issues are: 
user support, privacy and security, addressing, and standards and regulations. 
Examples of current message systems on the ARPANET are discussed."}

@article{Chess87,
	author = "D. M. Chess and M. F. Cowlishaw",
	author-address = "Chess: IBM Research Division, TJ Watson Research
	Center, PO Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, Cowlishaw: IBM 
	United Kingdom Ltd, Sheridan House, 41-43 Jewry Street, Winchester,
	Hants SO23 8RY, England",
	title = "A large-scale computer conferencing system",
	journal = "IBM Systems Journal",
	volume = 26,
	number = 1,
	year = 1987,
	pages = "138-153",
	abstract = "This paper discusses the relationships between 
computer-mediated communications and other forms of communication and 
describes a particular computer conferencing system in use within IBM.  The 
system described is quite large, with over three thousand contributors and 
over twenty thousand readers.  We discuss the structure of the system, the 
actions that users can take, and the ways in which the system is being used.  
Neither the definitions presented nor the system described are intended to be 
the last, or only, word on the subject; as computer-mediated communications 
and distribution become more and more important in the business and 
professional communities, we will need more ways of thinking about 
communication systems and about information distribution in general."}

@article{Liang87,
	author = "Ting-peng Liang",
	author-address = "Dep't of Accountancy, Univ of Illinois at 
Champaign-Urbana, 1206 S 6th Street, Champaign, IL, 61820",
	title = "User Interface Design for Decision Support Systems :
	{A} Self-Adaptive Approach",
	journal = "Information and Management",
	year = 1987,
	volume = 12,	
	pages = "181-193",
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland)",
	abstract = "This paper presents a self-adaptive approach to user 
interface design.  The primary philosophy of this design is that the user 
interface must be aware of the changes in its user's behavior and then adapt 
to it.  Three different default policies are proposed to control the adaption 
of a user interface: fixed default, dynamic default, and no default.  
Performance of these policies are compared for various patterns of usage.  
Mechanisms that determine the optimal default value to reduce the unnecessary 
effort are also discussed."}

@article{Crawford82,
	title = "Corporate Electronic Mail---{A} Communication-Intensive
	Application of Information Technology",
	author = "A. B. {Crawford, Jr.}",
	journal = misq,
	year = 1982,
	pages = "1-13",
	month = "September",
	abstract = "Extending the ARPANET technology of an asynchronous, 
packet-switched ``electronic mailbox,'' the Corporate Information Systems 
department introduced a pilot mail service within Digital Equipment 
Corporation which has now grown into a full-fledged production system with 
some 6,000 users --- and is till growing.  The architecture for the Electronic 
Mail System (EMS) is based on a multinode network of dedicated minicomputers.  
Technical, administrative and human factors, and cost considerations were 
recorded throughout the pilot and production period.  Lessons learned have 
highlighted the need for better network engineering, capacity planning, and 
operational policies procedures.  User surveys were used to capture the 
demographic data and reaffirmed the highly favorable impact on personal 
productivity and each manager's effectiveness.  Recommendations are offered on 
how to plan for a pilot and to assure a smooth transition to production 
service."}


@article{Hirschheim85,
	author = "R. A. Hirschheim",
	author-address = "Templeton College, Oxford University",
	title = "User Experience with and Assessment of Participative Systems 
Design",
	journal = misq,
	month = "December",
	year = 1985,
	pages = "295-303",
	abstract = "This article reports on the second half of a two-part 
study addressing user experiences with participative systems design.  The 
concept of a participative design is outline and compared to more conventional 
approaches.  User experiences are noted and the issue of evaluation is 
explored."}

@article{Caldwell82,
	author = "Roger L Caldwell",
	title = "The Coming Role of Computer Conferencing",
	author-address = "The University of Arizona",
	journal = "Plant Disease",
	volume = 66,
	number = 3,
	month = "March",
	year = 1982,
	pages = "193-198",
	abstract = "none [This article describes the use of computer 
conferencing as a tool in research.  It describes particular conferences on 
EIES. In addition, there are some economic rationalizations for the use of
computer conferencing over telephone or face-to-face meetings. 
Bibliography with 8 references. jms]

[author's summary]

	Discusses computer conferencing as a new approach to existing
problem solving and management issues. Special advantages include:
organizational and geographical constraints are reduced, committee
members become more equal in ability to participate in discussion, speed
of entry/retrieval, a written transcript, looking over material prior to
responding, and personal choice of when to use the system. Some
limitations include: new interactive processes must be learned, new
management processes are required for record keeping and filing, a
terminal or personal computer must be readily available, and some
familarity with typing is useful (but not required). 

Three case studies are summarized: White House Conference on Library and
Information Services, Community New Exchange, and Energy and Environment
On- line Conference. Possible applications relating to pest management
projects are presented. Success criteria are listed: the need for
communication would be significant, a management structure is agreed
upon and a team leader designated, the membership is sufficient to new
material to be generated in a timely fashion, training is provided and a
learning period allowed, and computer conferencing is not used to the
exclusion of other communications media. 

An economic analysis is given for 1) face-to-face meeting, 2) telephone
conference call, and 3) computer conference. Costs are compared for
various numbers of persons ``attending'' the meeting or conference on the
basis of cost per message (where message is defined as equivalent
information for listening/reading and speaking/writing. Using 1982
costs, computer conferencing is less expensive than telephone which is
less than face-to-face meeting; these differences were magnified as the
participants increased from 5 to 25."}

@article{Lerch83,
	author = "Irving A Lerch",
	title = "Computer Conferencing: {New} tool for scientific 
	communication",
	journal = "Physics Today",
	Month = "August",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "9,90-91",
	volume = 36,
	number = 8,
	abstract = "none [This article discusses use of computer 
conferencing systems for scientific communication.  It mentions
Participate, NOTEPAD, Hub/Planet, and EIES.  It is generally 
a rah-rah about conferencing.  No bibliography. jms.]"}

@article{Hiltz81,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
	author-address = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
	journal = cacm,
	month = "November",
	title = "The Evolution of User Behavior in a Computerized 
Conferencing System",
	number = 11,
	volume = 24,
	year = 1981,
	abstract = "Data from 18-month operational trial of the EIES 
system indicate that the range of features considered valuable in a 
computer-based communication system increases with the amount of 
experience gained by using this medium of communication.  Simple message 
systems alone are not likely to satisfy the communications needs of long 
term, regular users of computerized communications systems.  Among the 
capabilities which long term, regular users find valuable are group 
conferences, notebooks for text composition, and self-defined 
commands."}

@inbook{Vallee82,
	author = "Jacques Vallee",
	title = "The Network Revolution : {Confessions} of a computer 
scientist",
	publisher = "{AND/OR} Press, Inc",
	address = "Berkeley, California",
	ISBN = "0-915904-76-4",
	year = 1982,
	pages = "193-200",
	abstract = "none [This chapter describes the use of computer
conferencing in the earth sciences, especially with regard to cost
effectiveness compared to other tele-conferencing and video-conferencing
methods.  While the rhetoric is a little heady, the message is clear. 
jms.]"}

@book{Zimmerman86,
	author = "Jan Zimmerman",
	title = "Once Upon The Future : {A} Woman's Guide to Tomorrow's 
Technology",
	year = 1986,
	publisher = "Pandora Press",
	address = "New York, New York",
	LC = "QA 76.25 Z56 1986",
	abstract = "none [This book discusses some of the futures for
computer conferencing, especially with respect to woman's groups. 
jms.]"}

@incollection{Dodd86,
	booktitle = "BLEND--5: {The} Computer Human Factors Journal",
	publisher = "Library and Information Research Report",
	year = 1986,
	editor = "B. Shackel and J. Florentin and P. Wright",
	LC = "TK 5105.8 B57 B 53 1986",
	title = "Computer Conferencing aided learning : {Some} Initial 
Experiences",
	author = "W. P. Dodd",
	author-address = "Center for Computing and Computer Science, 
University of Birmingham",
	pages = "45-51",
	abstract = "A potential shortcoming of computer aided learning 
is that no provision is made for the student to ask unstructured 
questions, or for fellow students to benefit from the replies.  Computer 
conferencing provides a facility whereby this shortcoming can be 
overcome.  This article describes the use of computer conferencing as a 
teaching aid and presents some results which suggest that students would 
make good sue of such a facility if it were available."}

	
@incollection{Shackel86,
	booktitle = "BLEND--5: {The} Computer Human Factors Journal",
	publisher = "Library and Information Research Report",
	year = 1986,
	editor = "B. Shackel and J. Florentin and P. Wright",
	LC = "TK 5105.8 B57 B 53 1986",
	title = "The Blend System - {Plans} for the study of some 
electronic journals",
	author = "B. Shackel",
	author-address = "Dep't of Human Sciences, University of 
Technology, Loughborough, UK",
	abstract = "The plans and initial progress are described for a 
three-year experimental program organized jointly by the two 
Universities as the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network 
Development (BLEND).  The aims are to assess the cost, efficiency and 
subjective impact of such a system, and to explore and evaluate 
alternative forms of user communication through and electronic journal 
and information network.  Using a host computer at Birmingham 
University, a community of initially about 50 scientists (the 
Loughborough Information Network Community - LINC) will be connected 
through the public telephone network  to explore various types of 
electronic journal.  The concept of the electronic journal involves 
using a computer to aid the normal procedures whereby an article is 
written, refereed, accepted and ``published.''  The subject of this 
experimental journal will be ``Computer Human Factors.''  Each member 
will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in 
each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication 
such as newsletters, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences, 
cooperative authorship, etc.  Throughout the project relevant data 
will be gathered to enable the assessment of system and user 
performance, cost, usefulness, and acceptability."}


@incollection{Shackel86a,
	booktitle = "BLEND--5: {The} Computer Human Factors Journal",
	publisher = "Library and Information Research Report",
	year = 1986,
	editor = "B. Shackel and J. Florentin and P. Wright",
	LC = "TK 5105.8 B57 B 53 1986",
	title = "The {BLEND-LINC} Project on Electronic Journals
after Two Years",
	author = "B. Shackel and D.J. Pullinger and T.I. Maude and W.P. 
Dodd",
	author-address = "Dep't of Human Sciences, University of 
Technology, Loughborough, UK",
	abstract = "This paper described the progress after 2 years of a 
3 1/2 year experimental program organized 
jointly by the two 
Universities as the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network 
Development (BLEND).  The aims of the program are to explore and 
evaluate 
alternative forms of user communication through and electronic journal 
and information network
and to assess the cost, efficiency, and subjective impact of such
a system.

After summarizing the background leading to this research, 
the project is described which involves the
development of various types of ``electronic journal'' with 
a community of initially about 50 scientists (the 
Loughborough Information Network Community - LINC).
Each member 
will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in 
each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication 
such as newsletters, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences, 
cooperative authorship, etc.  

Considerable problems have been experienced with the hardware available 
to LINC members, with communications equipment, with modifying and 
developing software to obtain an acceptable operating system, and with 
various unexpected bureaucratic and organizational difficulties.  These 
problems and the results to date will be reviewed.  Nevertheless, more 
than 20 papers are in the system and the first number of the ``Computer
Human Factors'' experimental electronic journal was open to LINC members
on October 1st, 1982."}

@BOOK{Hiltz78,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
	title = "The Network Nation : Human Communication via Computer",
	year = 1978,
	publisher = "Addison Wesley",
	pages = 528,
	LC = "TK 5105.5 H54",
	address = "Reading, MA",
	abstract = "One of the first books on computer conferencing by
two of the leaders in the field (Hiltz is a Sociologist and Turoff a
Computer Scientist). Heavily oriented to case histories using the EIES
system (Electronic Information Exchange System, New Jersey Institute of
Technology), the book covers essentially all aspects of the subject.
It is a bit dated in some areas but is sufficiently comprehensive and
skillfully written that it remains a good overall reference text. 

Includes some early history of conferencing, comparisons with other
types of communication (mostly scientific), social and psychological
processes, impacts on managerial functions, uses by handicapped or
disadvantaged, uses by the public, science and technology effects,
research options dealing with computer conferencing, future
communications issues and economics/regulations, human- machine
interface, and broad societal impacts. 

Many chapters are written in textbook style, with selected
questions/topics for further discussion. Brief ``newspaper articles'' are
interspersed with the chapters and are written from the perspective of
10-15 years after publication date (1978)."}

@BOOK{Johansen79,
	author = "Robert Johansen and Jacques Vallee and Kathleen Spangler",
	year = 1979,
	title = "Electronic Meetings: Technical Alternatives and
		Social Choices",
	publisher = "Addison Wesley",
	pages = 244,
	LC = "TK 5102.5 J 58",
	address = "Reading, MA",
	abstract = "An early book from key players in the field
(Institute for the Future, Menlo Park, CA). Some of the key conclusions
are a bit dated by changes in technology, but the book provides a good
overview of several types of electronic communication (video, audio, and
computer conferencing). 

Develops effective and ineffective uses of each type by using a case
history. Provides suggestions for organizing electronic meetings and a
comparison (strengths and weaknesses) of the key features of each.
Organizational and social impacts are discussed. 

General conclusions: 1) the system is NOT the solution (consider the
uses and not just the technology); 2) Face-to-face is not always best
(while they are familiar territory, they should be evaluated as
critically as electronic meetings); 3) First uses are not likely to be
future uses (new uses AND new users will emerge); and 4) More
communication is not always better (information overload may be a real
problem)."}


% 
% These articles added after November 25-30 research
% session at U of A library.
% ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hiltz83,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
	title = "Avoiding Information Overload in the Electronic Office",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Hawaii International 
		Conference on System Sciences",
	pages = "581-589",
	abstract="A variety of software options can help users to cope 
with the potential of information overload resulting from computer 
mediated communication systems.  These include segmentation of 
communication topics via a conference structure, length limitations, 
voting structures, and a variety of mechanisms to filter and organize 
information.  Encouragement of the emergence of an on-line social 
system, with norms and sanctions about considerate communications 
behavior, is also important for preventing ``junk mail'' and similar 
impositions of unwanted material on users of these systems.",
	year = 1983}

% vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
% The following articles I don't have, but are part of
% the enormous corpus left us by the EIES/NJIT people
%
@TECHREPORT{Johnson-Lenz81,
	author = "Johnson-Lenz, P", 
	title = "The Evolution of a Tailored Communications Structure : The 
			Topics System",
	institution = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
	address = "Newark, NJ",
	year = 1981,
	number = 14}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Turoff72,
	author = "Murray Turoff",
	title = "Party-Line and Discussion : Computerized 
			Conferencing Systems",
	booktitle = "Computer Communications: {Impacts} and Implications",
	editor = "S. Winkler",
	note = "First International Conference on Computer Communications",
	year = 1972,
	publisher = "ACM",
	address = "New York, New York",
	pages = "161-171"}

@ARTICLE{Turoff82a,
	author = "Murray Turoff",
	title = "Delphi conferencing: Computer-based conferencing with 
			anonymity",
	journal = "Technological Forecasting and Social Change",
	volume = 2,
	year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{Turoff78,
	author = "Murray Turoff",
	title = "The {EIES} Experience: {Electronic} Information 
		Exchange System",
	journal = "Bulletin of the American Society for Information 
		Science",
	Volume = 4,
	Number = 5,
	pages = "9-10",
	year = 1978}

@misc{Turoff77a,
	author = "Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "Computerized Conferencing: {A} Review and Statement
	of the Issues",
	year = 1977,
	note = "Paper presented at {NATO} Telecommunications Symposium"}

@article{Turoff77b,
	author = "Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "Meeting Through Your Computer",
	journal = "IEEE Spectrum",
	year = 1977,
	volume = 14,
	month = "May",
	pages = "58-64"}

@misc{Turoff78a,
	author = "Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "Information and Communications in International 
		Affairs",
	year = 1978,
	note = "Paper presented to {International} {Studies} 
		{Association}, {Toronto}, {Canada}"}

@article{Hiltz78a,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "The Computer Conference",
	journal = "Journal of Communication",
	volume = 28,
	number = 3,
	year = 1978,
	pages = "157-163"}

@article{Hiltz78b,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "Controlled Experiments with Computerized 
		Conferencing",
	journal = "Bulletin of the American Society for Information 
		Science",
	year = 1978,
	volume = 4,
	number = 5,
	pages = "11-12"}

@techreport{Hiltz78c,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "The Operational Trials of the {EIES}: {An} Overview of 
		the Nature, Purpose and Initial Findings",
	year = 1978,
	institution = "New Jersey Institute for Technology Computerized 
		Conferencing and Communications Center",
	address = "Newark, New Jersey"}

@article{Hiltz78d,
	author="Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "The Human Element in Computerized Systems",
	year = 1978,
	journal = "Computer Networks",
	volume = 2,
	pages = "421-428"}

@misc{Hiltz78e,
	author="Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
	title = "Electronic Networks: {The} Social Dynamics of a New 
		Communications Medium",
	year = 1978,
	note = "Paper presented to {American Sociology Association 
		Seminar on Social Networks, San Francisco}"}

@misc{Hiltz80,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
	title = "The Evolution of User Behavior in Computerized 
		Communications Systems",
	year = 1980,
	note = "Paper presented to {International Communication 
		Association, Acapulco, Mexico}"}

@article{Hiltz79,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "Electronic Information Exchange - {Findings}",
	year = 1979,
	journal = "Telecommunications Policy",
	Month = "June",
	pages = "156-161"}

@techreport{Hiltz81a,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "The Impact of a Computerized Conferencing System on
		Scientific Research Communities",
	year = 1981,
	institution = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
	note = "Final Report to the National Science Foundation",
	number = 15,
	type = "Research Report"}

@article{Hiltz80a,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	title = "The System is as the User Group Does",
	journal = "Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society
		for Information Science",
	month = "October",
	year = 1980}

@article{Turoff77,
	author = "Murray Turoff and J Whitescarver and S R Hiltz",
	title = "The human-machine interface in a computerized conferencing
		environment",
	journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Systems, Man,
		and Cybernetics",
	year = 1977,
	pages = "145-157"}

@article{Turoff76,
	author = "Murray Turoff",
	title = "The costs and revenues of computerized conferencing",
	year = 1976,
	journal = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on
		Computer Communication",
	pages = "214-221"}


%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
% contributions of the NJIT/EIES folk



%
% Special issue of 
% Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
% on computer conferencing
% vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

@article{Ferguson77,
	author = "J A Ferguson",
	year = 1977,
	title = "{PLANET}: A Computer Conferencing system and its evaluation
		through a case study",
	Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
	volume = 9,
	pages = "92-95"}

@article{Spelt77,
	author = "P F Spelt",
	year = 1977,	
	title = "Evaluation of a continuing computer conference on simulation",
	volume = 9,
	pages = "87-91",
	Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"}

@article{Thorson77,
	author = "E Thorson and T F Buss",
	year = 1977,
	title = "Using computer conferencing to formulate a computer
		simulation of transitive behavior",
	volume = 9,
	pages = "81-86",
	Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"}

@article{Zinn77,
	author = "K L Zinn",
	year = 1977,
	title = "Computer facilitation of communication within professional 
		communities",
	volume = 9,
	pages = "96-107",
	Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"}

% ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
% Special issue of 
% Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
% on computer conferencing
%

@phdthesis{Waggoner87,
	author = "Michael Douglas Waggoner",
	pages = "194",
	title = "Explicating Expert Opinion Through A Computer 
		Conferencing Delphi",
	Year = 1987,
	school = "The University of Michigan",
	university-microfilms = "ADG87-12234",
	abstract = "This is a study of the development and implementation of a
group decision making system combining a modified Delphi technique and computer
conferencing.  The study compared the intended and actual behavior of experts
who participated in the implementation of this system.  The intended behavior
was derived from the research literature and from experience dealing with group
decision making and computer mediated communication.  The actual behavior was
derived from systematic observation of the exercise and the post exercise
questioning of the participants.  The content of the computer conferencing
Delphi addressed conditions relating to impacts of technology on K-Adult
education as forecasted by a nationally distributed panel of experts.  Analyses
of the questions guiding the research provide the basis for implications for
future practice and directions for further research. 
       Six major findings emerged from this study: (1) The perceived outcome
quality is related to the perceived actual effectiveness of the system; (2)
There was an inverse relationship between the level of self-ratings by the
experts and the experts' satisfaction expressed that the issues were adequately
explicated; (3) The clarity with which the process to be followed was
communicated was related to the level of satisfaction with the actual
effectiveness of the system; (4) The use of pseudonyms as a technique to mask
identities of the participants made little difference with regard to the
uninhibited expression of their opinion; (5) There does not appear to be a
relationship between frequency of participation and these variables: perceived
actual effectiveness of the system, or perceived representation of the
individual's opinions in the findings of the exercise, or the perceived outcome
quality of the exercise; (6) Both elite and non-elite groups found the
potential for this system to be greater than was achieved in this particular
case. 
	Five areas for future research are discussed: (1) the variables
affecting frequency of participation; (2) the use of on line leadership to
facilitate the discussion of the group; (3) anonymous conferencing in real
time; (4) the use of special purpose groupings of expertise; and (5) the
attribution of ideas and their perceived quality."}

%
% Here are some articles from a previous research session
%

@article{Siegel86,
	author = "Jane Siegel and Vitaly Dubrovsky and Sara Kiesler and 
		Timothy W McGuire",
	title = "Group Processes in Computer-Mediated Communication",
	year = 1986,
	volume = 37,
	pages = "157-187",
	journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes",
	author-address = "Carnegie-Mellon University",
	abstract = "Three experiments explored the effects of 
computer-mediated communication on communication efficiency, 
participation, interpersonal behavior, and group choice.  Groups of 
three members were asked to reach consensus on career choice problems; 
they communicated face-to-face and in simultaneous computer-mediated 
discussions or through computer mail.  When groups were linked by 
computer, group members made fewer remarks than they did face-to-face 
and took longer to make their group decisions.  Social equalization was 
higher in computer-mediated groups in that group members participated 
more equally in discussions. Computer-mediated groups also exhibited 
more uninhibited behavior---using strong and inflammatory expressions in 
interpersonal interactions.  Decisions of computer-mediated groups 
shifted further away from the members' initial individual choices than 
group decisions which followed face-to-face discussions.  We discuss the 
implications of these findings for extension of theories about group 
interaction and for analyses of effects of computers in organizations."}


@article{Meier85,
	author = "Scott T Meier",
	year = 1985,
	title = "Computer Aversion",
	journal = "Computers in Human Behavior",
	author-address = "Missouri Institute of Psychiatry",
	volume = 1,
	pages = "171-179",
	abstract = "``Computer phobia,'' ``computer anxiety,'' and 
``computer resistance'' are among the labels employed in the popular and 
professional press to describe the psychological states of individuals 
who experience aversive reactions to computers.  However, little 
research has been reported in the professional literature and 
theory-building generally advances no further than discussion of 
anecdotal reports.  This paper reviews the literature on negative 
reactions to computers and presents a social learning model as a 
heuristic device to examine psychological aspects of computer aversion.  
Suggestions for future research and intervention are offered."}

%%%%%
%%%%
%%%
%%
%

@article{Malone87,
	title = "Intelligent Information-Sharing Systems",
	author = "Thomas W Malone and Kenneth R Grant and Franklyn A 
	Turback and Stephen A Brobst and Michael D Cohen",
	journal = jacm,
	Month = "May",
	year = 1987,
	volume = 30,
	number = 5,
	pages = "390-402",
	author-address = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 
		MA, 02139 (all but Cohen); University of Michigan, 
		Ann Arbor, 48104",
	abstract = "Much of the work that has been done on computer- mediated
communication systems (e.g., electronic mail, computer conferencing,  and
electronic bulletin boards) has focused on technical capabilities and standards
for storing messages.  We propose to shift our focus to a more general problem,
the {\it information sharing} problem, which has to do with disseminating
information so that it reaches those people to whom it is valuable without
interfering with those to whom it is not.  This problem will become
increasingly important with advances in communication technology, and we
suggest three fundamental approaches to its solution.  Our characterization of
these approaches will be illustrated with examples from a series of informal
studies that we have conducted on how people share information in
organizations, and through a description of an intelligent information-sharing
system that we have developed called the Information Lens. 
	It is already a common experience in mature computer-based 
messaging communities for people to feel flooded with large quantities of 
electronic ``junk mail'' (he references Denning's ``Electronic Junk'' in cacm 
March 1982,  Hiltz and Turoff's ``Avoiding overload'' in cacm July 1985,  
Palme, J ``You have 134 unread mail do you want to read them now?'' in 
IFIP Conference on Computer Based Message Services, 1984, and another 
article by Wilson, Maude, Marshall and Heaton from the same Proceedings). 
In current systems people often adopt crude methods, such as removing 
themselves entirely from distribution lists that are of occasional interest, in 
order to avoid being inundated.  At the same time, it is also common for 
people to be ignorant of facts that would facilitate their work and that are 
known elsewhere in their organization.  Our system uses techniques from 
artificial intelligence and user-interface design to help solve both these 
problems: It helps people filter, sort, and prioritize messages that are 
already addressed to them, and it also helps them find useful messages they 
would not otherwise have received.  
	We believe that the most important use of systems like this will not be
to just reduce the flow of ``junk mail,'' but to dramatically increase the
amount of useful information that can be exchanged electronically without
leading to information overload.  Many previous communication technologies
(e.g., the printing press, broadcast television, photocopiers) have increased
the amount of information exchanged, although their usefulness has been, to
some extent, bounded by the limits of information overload.  Computer
technology can not only increase the amount, speed, and distance of information
flow, it can also increase the selectivity with which the information is
disseminated. 
	Viewing the problem of information sharing in this general way 
suggests that much of the work that has been done separately on 
information-retrieval systems (such as bibliographic search systems) and 
database management systems is potentially relevant to the design of 
computer-mediated communication systems.  Our discussion shows how 
concepts from both these fields are incorporated in the Information Lens 
system and how information-sharing systems like this can help integrate 
communications with both other kinds of systems.  One of the key ideas 
behind the system is that many of the unsolved problems of natural-
language understanding can be avoided in intelligent information-sharing 
systems through the use of semistructured templates (or frames) for 
different types of messages.  These templates can be used by senders to 
facilitate message composition.  The same templates can then be used by 
recipients to facilitate construction of a set of rules for filtering and 
categorizing messages.",
	analysis = "Further quotes from the paper...  begin - There are five
key ideas that form the basis of the Information Lens system.  Though some of
these ideas are empirically testable, we treat them here as premises for our
system design. (1) A rich set of semistructured message types (or frames) can
form the basis for an intelligent information-sharing system. Important because
(a) semistructured messages enable computers to automatically process a much
wider range of information than would otherwise be possible. (b) Much of the
processing that people already do with the information they receive reflects a
set of semistructured message types. (c) Even if no automatic processing of
messages were involved, providing senders with a set of semistructured message
templates would often be helpful. (2) Sets of production rules (that may
include multiple levels of reasoning in addition to Boolean selection criteria)
can be used to conveniently specify automatic processing for these messages (3)
The use of semistructured message types and automatic rules for processing them
can be greatly simplified by a consistent set of display-oriented editors for
composing messages, constructing rules and defining new message templates.  (4)
The definition and use of semistructured messages and processing rules are
simplified if the message types are arranged in a frame inheritance lattice. 
(5) The initial introduction and later evolution of a group communication
system can be facilitated if the process can occur as a series of small
changes, each of which has the following properties (a) users can continue to
use their existing system with no change; (b) users who make small changes
receive some benefit; and (c) groups of users who adopt the changes receive
additional benefits beyond the individual benefits. end quote."} 

@article{Hiltz85,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
	title = "Structuring Computer-Mediated Communication Systems to 
		Avoid Information Overload",
	journal = cacm,
	year =1985,
	LC = "QA76 A772",
	month = "July",
	number  = 7,
	volume = 28,
	pages = "680-689",
	author-address = "Computerized Conferencing and Communications 
Center, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102",
	abstract = "Computer-mediated communication systems use computers 
and telecommunications networks to compose, store, deliver, and process 
communication.  Among the types of systems that come under this heading 
are electronic mail, computerized conferencing, and bulletin-board systems.  
CMCS's can provide sufficient speed and volume for effective communication 
flow within and between groups and organizations.  However, this ``solution'' 
to constrictions on the flow of information and communication is not without 
cost, in a behavioral as well as economic sense.  Computers and related 
``office-automation'' technology can often create as many problems for an 
organization as they solve.  As Kerr and Hiltz have put it , (quote omitted).
	Denning cogently characterizes one contributing factor to information 
overload as ``electronic junk''---frequent CMCS users can expect to be 
imposed on by unwanted and useless messages.  This problem is becoming 
worse as more systems, and therefore more users, are interconnected by 
networks like CSNET, USENET, and MAILNET.
	However, on the basis of several years of observing users of these 
systems, we must disagree with Denning's prescription for this problem, that 
``the research community must study traditional communications paths in 
existing organizations'' and ``abstract the key properties of successful 
communications and replicate them electronically.''  This premise takes 
computer-mediated systems as automated versions of off-line media.  
CMCS's are a new medium with their own advantages, disadvantages, social 
dynamics, problems, and opportunities.  For instance, putting the computer 
into the communication loop makes new information filtering and handling 
techniques possible.  Indeed, the automation of communication practices 
developed for non-electronic media may actually counteract some of the 
potential benefits of CMCS's.
	In this article we present our current thinking on desirable design 
options and implementation strategies for CMCS's, and consider information 
overload, communication filtering, and the total productivity of information 
workers. It may seem that we are only discussing the subset of CMCS's 
known as conferencing systems, but that is not the case.  Although most of 
our examples are drawn from conferencing systems, we believe that many of 
the distinctions between ``simple'' store-and-forward message systems and 
group-communication-oriented conferencing systems will become negligible 
as CMCS's take on more of the features of full-scale conferencing systems.  
Among the authors who have dealt with such prospects are Tsichritzis et al 
who state (quote omitted).  Our argument is that the computer must play a 
more active role in filtering and structuring communication.  We would add 
that CMCS's should also be designed to foster the emergence of cohesive 
groups that can exert social control over member's behavior.  In addition to 
active software roles, there are active human roles that can be played; these 
roles can to a certain extent be built into the software in the form of special 
privileges and functions."} 

%

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bruder81,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "J Bruder and M Moy and A Mueller and R Danielson",
	author-address = "HP, 1501 Page Mill Rd, Palo Alto, 94304",
	author-address = "(Danielson) Dep't of EE and CS, University of 
		Santa Clara, Santa Clara, 95053",
	title = "User Experience and Evolving Design in a Local
		Electronic Mail System",
	pages = "69-78",
	abstract = "A local computer mail system, if use is not forced 
by corporate management, runs the risk of lying idle unless it is 
well-matched to its operational environment.  This paper describes such 
a system which was developed for internal use at Hewlett-Packard 
Company, in response to a specific request from a small organization 
within the company.  However, the system was designed, and has proven, 
to be applicable in a broader context.  Implementation occurred in a 
series of graual steps, which allowed user experience to direct 
successive versions, and required minimal commitment of resources at any 
stage.  Subjective user comments on features of two versions, as well as 
objective statistics on use of the current version, are presented and 
discussed."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hiltz81b,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff and Kenneth 
		Johnson",
	title = "The Effect of Structure, Task, and Individual 
		Attributes on Consensus in Computerized Conferences",
	pages = "91-102",
	abstract = "One criterion of the effectiveness of a 
computer-mediated communication system for group decision making is the 
ability of the group to agree on a decision at all.  This paper presents 
data from two controlled experiments designed to answer the following 
questions: (1) How does a computerized conference differ from a 
face-to-face discussion in terms of the ability of the group to reach 
consensus? (2) How is this affected by the nature of the task? (3) How 
is it affected by the skills and characteristics of the participants, 
such as their previous use of computer terminals and their typing 
ability? (4) How is it affected by the specific structure used for the 
computer-mediated communication system?  Specifically, can an explicitly 
structured human leadership role aid consensus in a computerized 
conference?  Can a decision aid based on computer analysis and feedback 
of data related to the decision help? and (5) What are the implications 
of the findings for the design and application of computer-mediated 
communication systems?"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sebestyen81,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "Istvan Sebestyen",
	title = "Computerized Message Sending and Teleconferencing in an 
		International Envrionment - {Present} and Future",
	author-address = "IIASA (Int'l Inst. for Applied Systems 
		Analysis), Laxenburg, Austria",
	abstract = "Computerized message sending and teleconferencing 
techniques are presently widely used in an international environment.  
This paper describes the present status (experience, problems, 
solutions) of electronic message exchange activities at an international 
research organization, the International Institute for Applied Systems 
Analysis (IIASA), and gives a short outline of some of the 
future prospects in this field.",
	pages = "103-113"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Daney81,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "Charles Daney",
	author-address = "Tymcom/370 Systems,Tymshare, Cupertino,CA",
	pages = "115-127",
	title = "The {VMSHARE} Computer Conferencing Facility",
	abstract = "VMSHARE is a computer conferencing facility 
developed in 1976 for use within Share, Inc., an IBM users' group.  It 
originated from the need to solve problems of continuity, planning, and 
communication between meeting.  This paper discusses its uses, 
structure, capabilities, implementation, and possible future 
development."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pearson81,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "Michael M L Pearson and James E Kulp",
	author-address = "IIASA",
	pages = "129-143",
	title = "Creating an Adaptive Computerized Conferencing System 
on {UNIX}",
	abstract = "Telecenter, a computerized conferencing system, was 
implemented with approximately one man-week's programming effort by 
exploiting tools available on our institute's computer time-sharing 
system.  Telecenter's adaptive design philosophy was shaped by user 
needs, and its rapid implementation was facilitated by a UNIX-based 
computing environment permitting flexible, modular design.  Appendices 
contain a sample session using Telecenter and details of UNIX system 
features underlying its design."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vittal81,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "John Vittal",
	author-address = "Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc, 50 Moulton 
		Street, Cambridge, MA, 02238",
	pages = "175-195",
	title = "Active Message Processing: {Messages} as Messengers",
	abstract = "Messaging systems have been in active use for many 
years, using text as the primary means of information transfer.  
Messages, though, can be active entities which can do much processing on 
their own.  This paper explores the notion of active messages and 
describes a system which implements them."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dawes81,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
	year = 1981,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "N W Dawes and S J Harris and M I Magoon and S J 
		Maveety and D J Petty",
	author-address = "Bell Northern Research, Department 1R11, PO 
		Box 3511, Station C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Y 4H7",

	pages = "373-384",
	title = "The Design and Service Impact of {COCOS}, an Electronic
		Office System",
	abstract = "This paper describes the electronic office system 
COCOS (the Corporate Communication System) developed at Bell-Northern 
Research from 1978 to 1980.  The design and impact of introducing this 
system into the company's offices is discussed."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Edighoffer85,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems--85",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Northern Telecom Inc, Richardson, Texas",
	year = 1985,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Washington, DC, 5-7 September",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1986",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "Judy L Edighoffer and Keith A Lantz",
	author-address = "Dep't of CS, Stanford Univ, 94305",
	pages = "133-145",	
	title = "Taliesin: {A} Distributed Bulletin Board System",
	abstract = "This paper describes a computer bulletin board 
facility intended to support replicated bulletin boards on a network 
that may frequently be in a state of partition.  The two major design 
issues covered are the choice of a name space and a replication 
algorithm.  The impact of the name space on communication costs is 
explained.  A special purpose replication algorithm providing high 
availability and response despite network partition is introduced."}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Huitema85,
	booktitle="Computer Message Systems--85",
	editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
	editor-address = "Northern Telecom Inc, Richardson, Texas",
	year = 1985,
	note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
		Computer Message Systems, Washington, DC, 5-7 September",
	LC = "TK 5105 I33 1986",
	publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
	address = "Amsterdam",
	author = "Christian Huitema",
	author-address = "CIPSI/INRIA, Rocquencourt BP 105, 78153 Le 
Chesnay Cedex, France",
	title = "The {COSAC} electronic conferencing experiment",
	abstract = "A distributed conference experiement has been 
running since September 1984 on the ``COSAC'' message switching network 
in France.  Despite its simplistic design, the experimental service was 
well accepted by users.  The report highlights some problems that were 
encountered, concerning confidentiality, management, presentation and 
referencing.  Then, it explains how these problems could be solved by an 
extensive use of the X.400 protocols for conferencing."}

@BOOK{Linstone75,
	editor = "H A Linstone and M Turoff",
	title = "The {D}elphi Method: {T}echniques and Applications",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
	address = "Reading, Massachusetts",
	year = 1975}

@ARTICLE{Denning82,
	author = "Peter J Denning",
	title = "Electronic Junk",
	journal = cacm,
	year = 1982,
	pages = "153--165",
	month = "March",
	number = 3,
	LC = "QA76 A772",
	volume = 25}	

%
%
% from cosy
%
%
@BOOK{Hiltz84,
	author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	year = 1984,
	title = "Online Communities: A Case Study of the Office of the 
		Future",
	publisher = "Ablex Publishing",
	address = "Norwood, NJ",
	pages = 262,
	LC = "QA 76.9 I58 H24",
	abstract = "An easy to read book (paperback) by one of the early
users and leaders in the field. Heavily oriented to the EIES (Electronic
Information Exchange System) at New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Compares EIES to other conferencing and electronic mail systems. Case
study includes several ``research groups'' using EIES in several subjects.
Includes theory and practical aspects, detailed questionnaires and
detailed results (including statistical analyses of most items). 

General conclusions: 1) learning to use a new medium requires someone
take the leadership role in groups; 2) users will make time to use
conferencing if they feel the task is sufficiently important; 3)
participates generally rate it easy, fun, and productive; 4) increases
in ``quality'' of work rather than ``quantity'' of work were observed; and
5) telephone and mail had some decrease during the conferencing
experience." }

@BOOK{Kerr82,
	title = "Computer-Mediated Communication Systems: Status and 
		Evaluation",
	author = "Elaine B Kerr and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
	publisher = "Academic Press",
	address = "New York",
	pages = 212,
	year = 1982,
	LC = "TK 5105.5 K47",
	abstract = "Quite detailed review of methodology and impacts of
conferencing using EIES (Electronic Information Exchange System) as the
primary example. Both authors are sociologists and have been involved in
several conferencing evaluations from the early days. Various
conferencing features (e.g., voting, menu vs command) are reviewed and
earlier studies regarding impacts are summarized. Factors which make
``acceptance'' of conferencing better are identified (as well 
as some minor effect factors like typing skill).

Specific effects on individuals, groups, and organizations are listed.
The effects were developed by literature review, expert panels, and
experimental results. Overall effects were heavily positive. "}

@PHDTHESIS{Smith86,
	title = "Communication Quality in Information Systems 
		Development: The Effect of Computer-Mediated Communication 
		on Task-oriented Problem Solving",
	author = "Jill Y Smith",
	school = "North Texas State University",
	year = 1986,
	pages = 189,
	abstract = "The problem motivating this research is that
ineffective communication may hamper systems development efforts.
Specifically germane to this study are development efforts characterized
as task-oriented, and which require information-sharing and
problem-solving activities. 

This  research  problem motivated an analysis of the communication
process and lead to the development of a temporal framework that
delineates variables associated with task-oriented, and user/systems
analyst communication interactions.  Several  variables  within this
framework are depicted in two theoretical models. The first model
shows the theoretical relationship between an independent variable,
communication mode (represented   by   asynchronous computer
conferencing and face-to-face conferencing), and five dependent
variables: (1) the amount of information shared, (2) the significance of
the information shared, (3) the comprehensiveness of the information
shared, (4) the perception of progress toward the goal, and (5) the
perception of freedom to participate. 

The second model depicts the assumed interaction between communication
mode, the five variables cited above (now acting as independent
variables), and a dependent variable, communication quality. There are
two theoretical components of communication quality: (1) deviation from
an optimal set of user requirements, and (2) the degree of convergence
(unity based on mutual understanding and mutual agreement) emanating
from a communication interaction. 

Using the theoretical models as a guide, an experiment was designed and
performed to test the relationships among the variables. The
experimental results led to the rejection of all null hypotheses; the
results strongly favored face-to-face conferencing for solving
task-oriented, information sharing problems analogous to the case used
in the present study. The  findings indicate that asynchronous computer
conferencing may have a detrimental  effect on the thoroughness of
information exchange, on the relevance of the information shared in
terms of making the correct decision, and on the completeness of the
consideration given to all problem dimensions."}

@PHDTHESIS{McCord85, 
	title = "Measures of Participation, Leadership, and Decision Quality by 
	        Participants in Computer Conferencing and Nominal Group 
		Technique Decision-making Exercises",
	author = "Samuel A McCord",
	year = 1985,
	pages = 193,
	school = "Wayne State University",
	abstract = "Computer conferencing is a powerful tool to support
asynchronous group decision-making. This study compared the performance
of decision-making groups using computer conferencing and face-to-face
methods to determine if there were significant differences in
participation, anonymity, individual leadership, perceived leadership of
other participants, decision acceptance and perceived decision quality. 

The control and experimental groups utilized the Nominal Group Technique
and the CONFER II computer conferencing software respectively.
Multivariate analysis of experimental data indicated no significant
differences in the performance of control and experimental groups for
any of the measures in question, although the experimental group rated
individual leadership and decision quality lower than the control group
(P = .058 and P = .059 respectively). 

The study concludes that computer conferencing is an effective technique
to support distributed decision-making provided that the conferencing
software is of high quality, that sufficient time is allowed for the
decision process, and that all participants have equal access to
computing facilities and training. The study recommends several areas
for future study, including investigating the interaction of computer
conferencing with time requirements, personal anonymity, individual
leadership, presentation order of information, and the design of
computer conferencing software."}

@PHDTHESIS{Finn83,
	title = "Process and Structure in Computer-mediated 
		Group Communication",
	author = "Andrew T Finn",
	school = "Washington University",
	pages = 166,
	year = 1983,
	abstract = "This study examines the effect of group process on
performance in computer mediated group discussions. The theoretical
framework views performance as a function of both group resources and
process. It is hypothesized that the use of organizing strategies (i.e.,
group process) related to agenda setting, to the demands of the specific
task, and to the demands of the specific medium are all related to the
performance measures of consensus and decision quality. 

Transcripts generated in 24 five-person group discussions of a standard
rank-order problem solving task in an earlier study of computer
conferencing provide the data base for the present analyses. Measures of
the  theoretically relevant  dimensions of organizing processes are
constructed for each group discussion in the original experiment. These
organizing strategies are analyzed for effects on the group performance
measures. Multiple regression analysis is employed to control the
effects of certain group resources and to assess the unique effect of
each organizing strategy on group performance. 

The results provide limited support for the notion that organizing
enhances group  performance  in  computer-mediated  communication.
Task-specific organizing was found to be positively related to decision
quality, while organizing tailored to the medium was found to be
negatively related to decision quality. Organizing the agenda was
positively related to group consensus. These effects are reliable when
controlling for the initial level of decision quality or consensus in
each group. No other significant effects on performance were found for
any of the process measures investigated. 

Group resources such as the degree of previous experience with computer
terminals and the presence of females in the group were also
significantly related to consensus. 

These results call into question the importance of organizing strategies
in computer conferencing. The failure of these organizing strategies to
be significant determinants of group performance is addressed in terms
of the appropriateness of the theoretical framework, the specific
measures of group process employed, and the particular nature of the
computer conferences analyzed in this study."}

@PHDTHESIS{Murrel83,
	title = "The Impact of Communicating Through Computers 
		(Electronic Mail, Conference)",
	author = "Sharon L Murrel",
	pages = 159,
	year = 1983,
	school = "State University of New York (Stony Brook)",
	abstract = "The  impact of computer-based communication on group
performance depends upon the structure enforced by the communication
system. While the ability to introduce structures which enhance human
communication processes has been applauded, research to evaluate the
impact of various design features is lacking. 

This  research  has explored the impact of two synchronous approaches,
which vary in the role of immediacy of interaction and feedback, on idea
generation and group decision making. One system is message-oriented,
requiring a conferee to complete a message before interacting with
others. The other displays what each group member is typing in a
separate window on the screens of all participants so that users can
comment on ideas as they are expressed. While the differential ability
to interact did not influence brainstorming performance, it did
influence the ability of groups to produce quality decisions. 

Computer conferencing did not eliminate the characteristic group
decrement in brainstorming performance observed in groups interacting
face-to-face. Following standard brainstorming instructions to generate
ideas without evaluation, subjects typed their ideas for four different
problems. Groups interacting through either of the communication systems
generated fewer ideas than the same number of people working
individually on three of those problems. 

Differences between the two systems were demonstrated when the groups
needed to organize their efforts to make decisions. Asked to solve a
problem first individually and then cooperatively using one of the two
systems, all groups produced decisions superior to the average initial
individual solutions. Window system groups both improved more and
produced significantly higher quality decisions than message system
groups. These groups focused on fewer topics at one time while spending
less time discussing how to organize both system usage and task efforts.
By influencing the group's ability to organize and focus its attention,
the design of the communication system influenced decision quality.
Although each group experienced and rated only one system, window system
groups judged their system more satisfactory for a variety of tasks than
the message system groups."} 

@PHDTHESIS{Toner83,
	title = "Evaluation of a New Model of Tryout-revision",
	author = "Paul D Toner",
	year = 1983,
	pages = 311,
	school = "Michigan State University",
	abstract = "This study was carried out to obtain at least a
limited answer to the question, ``is it operationally feasible to use
synchronous conferencing (that is, with all participants on-line
simultaneously) for obtaining tryout data during the development of
self-instructional material? ''

Two models of tryout-revision were used. One was a modification of a
small group model developed by Abedor (1), which included the use of a
face-to-face group debriefing of the learners. The other model was
similar in all respects to the first, except that the debriefing was
carried out through use of a computer conference. CONFER II, a computer
conferencing system originally developed at the University of Michigan,
was used, and the conference lasted for about 90 minutes. 

An instructional television program relating to the functions of an
information processing system was used as the prototype. Learners were
assigned to one of the two tryout-revision models. This led to the
collection of two sets of prototype tryout data which was used as the
basis for the development of two revised versions of the prototype.
These versions were called the computer conferencing revision (CC
revision) and the small group revision (SG revision). Each revision was
tried out with learners comparable to the learners who tried out the
prototype. Thus, three treatment groups were compared. 

The data showed that although neither revision brought about general
significant improvement in learning, improvement was shown favoring
the CC revision with respect to learning outcomes relating to one of the
program's six instructional objectives. When the two revisions were
compared to each other significant results (p = .009) were shown for the
CC revision. This finding, however, is not very important, in view of
the more general findings. Also found was that learners with little or
no computer usage experience can learn to participate in a computer
conference on the basis of very limited training. 

It was recommended that the computer conferencing model be
operationalized in the asynchronous mode to make better use of the
uniqueness of computer conferencing.

     (1) Abebor, Allen J. ``Second Draft Technology.'' Viewpoints 48 (July
1972):45-78."}

@PHDTHESIS{Rice82a,
	title = "Human Communication Networking in a
		Teleconferencing Environment",
	author = "Ronald E Rice",
	pages = 360,
	year = 1982,
	school = "Stanford University",
	abstract = "The objectives of this dissertation are (1) to study
the communication networks of groups operating in a
computer-conferencing environment, (2) to portray how these patterns
change over time, (3) to describe the nature of group- and system-level
structure, and (4) to discuss what implications these changes have for
telecommunications design and policy. The chapters review and analyze
topics such as telecommunications impacts, varieties of
computer-mediated communication systems, the development of
communication theory to consider longitudinal networks, and the range of
analytical procedures appropriate for such research. The primary
procedures used to detect and describe the communication patterns of
interest, over time, include longitudinal plots of useful communication
ratios, log-linear models of group structure, and transition matrices
showing patterns of development in system structure. Additional
procedures include clustering and multidimensional scaling. 

Overall, system stability in a large-scale telecommunications system
comes to depend upon reciprocal information exchanges. Communication
activity in such a system provides indices which could be used to detect
groups' potential patterns of development. System structure changes over
time as groups occupy different roles which are based on the flows of
information within the system. For example, initial usage levels are not
good indicators of eventual usage levels; and ``electronic migration''
from group to group seems common. Whether the nature of the user group
is task-or non-task-oriented appears to influence how the groups occupy
these roles. Finally, computer-monitored longitudinal data and the
network analysis program used seem to offer advantages and insights
unavailable from traditional data and methods."}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

@PHDTHESIS{Parnes81,
	title = "Learning to CONFER: The Interplay of Theory and
		Practice in Computer Conferencing",
	author = "Robert A Parnes",
	pages = 353,
	year = 1981,
	school = "University of Michigan",
	abstract = "This dissertation presents a description and analysis of
CONFER, a computer conferencing and multi-purpose communications system
designed and developed over the past half dozen years at The University of
Michigan. 

Chapter 1 deals with the group communications context from which CONFER
emerged:  the face-to-face meeting. The time, technological, psychological, and
 cost  constraints  which are problems governing traditional face-to-face group
communication are discussed. The theoretical ``solution'' is presented as a
cluster of elements of a model communications system. In this system all
individuals are able to control their input and output and the style of their
interactions, time and space constraints are eliminated,  anonymous  behavior
is  possible, and participation is facilitated. 

In Chapter 2, the methods and procedures used to develop the CONFER
system are discussed. The context from which CONFER emerged, a concern
with small group governance in both its communications and decision
making dimensions, is described, as are the principles operationalized
in the CONFER system: individual equality, freedom, privacy and
flexibility, and the facilitation of individual participation. 

The historical development of a unique feature of CONFER, the ``vote,'' is
presented in Chapter 3. This operationalizes the emphasis placed on
interactivity and feedback in the system. The premise that underlies
this permeating feature of the system is that the individual participant
should continually alternate between being a producer and being a
consumer of communications. 

In Chapter 4, the results of actual CONFER use are set forth via the
construction of a typology of CONFER conferences drawn from an
examination of actual conference usage. The typology is based on three
independent variables: ``who'' participates--whether a ``well-defined'' or
``ill-defined''  set  of  individuals; ``when''  the  conference  takes
place--whether for a ``fixed'' or ``indefinite'' duration; and ``how'' the
content is approached--whether the agenda is of a ``focused'' or
``full-scope'' nature. Eight conference types are identified and
described. Descriptions of actual conferences of each type are presented
and analyzed. 

CONFER's future, sketched from the perspective of the constraints
potentially impinging on its dissemination is the subject of Chapter 5.
These constraints are identified as falling into two general categories:
the technical and the conceptual. The former are viewed as being more or
less automatically correcting. The latter are seen as being more
profound and therefore more critical. They have to do with the seemingly
simple but profoundly  difficult  matter  of people understanding that
computer conferencing is a genuinely new communications medium, not
the augmentation of old forms of communication."}

@PHDTHESIS{Asteroff87,
	author = "Janet F Asteroff", 
	title = "Paralanguage in Electronic Mail: A Case
		Study",
	year = 1987,
	school = "Teachers College, Columbia University",
	abstract = "This study explores the use of paralanguage in
electronic mail communication. It examines the use of paralanguage
according to the electronic mail and computing experience and technical
expertise of 16 library science graduate students who fall into two
groups by rank of experience, novice and advanced.  These respondents
used electronic mail in a non-elective and task-related situation to
communicate with their instructor. This case study is based on a
multi-level qualitative content analysis of the electronic mail
exchanged between the respondents and the instructor, and the attitudes
and experiences of the respondents about their use of electronic mail
and computers.  This research interprets the roles and functions of
paralanguage in computer-mediated communication and explores the
phenomenon as an indicator of certain kinds of expression. 

Paralanguage is a component of spoken, written, and electronic
communication.  It gives to what is being communicated a character over
and above that which is necessary to convey meaning in the linguistic or
grammatical sense.  Paralanguage in electronic mail is positioned
between spoken and written paralanguage in its visual and interpretive
structures. Electronic paralanguage, a term developed to describe
paralanguage in computer-mediated communication, is defined as: features
of written language which are used outside of formal grammar and syntax,
and other features related to but not part of written language, which
through varieties of visual and interpretive contrast provide
additional, enhanced, redundant or new meanings to the message. 

Electronic paralanguage is revealed to be a component of communication
which in some situations showed substantial differences by the rank of
the respondent, as well as differences in individual behaviors. Novice
respondents used more paralanguage in more types of messages than did
advanced respondents.  Electronic paralanguage also provides a robust
picture of the character of communication.  The use of exclamation
points by novice respondents in task-related messages showed that
electronic paralanguage can in certain cases be a general measure of
stress and experience, and as well is a precise indicator of different
kinds of positive and negative psychological stress." } 

@BOOK{Heydinger78,
	title = "Computer Conferencing: Its Use as a Pedagogical
		Tool",
	author = "Richard Heydinger",
	publisher = "World Future Society",
	pages = 25,	
	year = 1978,
	abstract = "Describes applications of conferencing in
institutions of higher education. Examples based on CONFER conferencing
system at the University of Michigan. Discusses the use in courses
(allowing more flexibility), greater communication (among student, their
peers, and instructors), and applications to interdisciplinary courses
and graduate seminars (where mixed resources are enhanced using this
technique). Disadvantages include learning new techniques, finding
terminal access, and computer phobia." } 

@BOOK{Johansen81,
	title = "Knowledge Synthesis and Computer-Based
		Communications Systems: Changing Behaviors and 
		Concepts",
	author = "Kathleen Vian and Robert Johansen",
	publisher = "Position Paper for National Institute of Education", 
	pages = 24,
	year = 1981,
	abstract = "Patterns of use of computer-based communication
technologies in knowledge synthesis area described by looking at the way
groups use the synthesis. A chart of basic options for communication
through computers is provided: generic class of system, examples of
specific systems, groups size, form of communications, record keeping
access, and complexity. Eight basic patterns of communication are
identified and discussed: 1) lots of interpersonal interaction, 2)
emphasis on the group, 3) more interaction between users and producers,
4) a valuing of chance, 5) asynchronous communication and asynchronous
thought, 6) divergence, 7) informality, and 8) technology."} 

@BOOK{Palme84,
	title = "Survey of Computer-Based Message Systems",
	author = "Jacob Palme",
	publisher = "Stockholm University",
	pages = 43,
	year = 1984,
	abstract = "Four individual papers: 1) COM/PortaCOM Conference
Systems, 2) Design Goals and Principles, 3) Computer Conferencing is
More than Electronic Mail, and 4) Effects of the COM Computer
Conferencing System. Jacob Palme designed the COM conferencing system
and is one of the early leaders in the field. 

Includes: 1) a survey of computer based mail and conferencing systems,
2) an evaluation of systems for both individually addressed mail and
group addressing through conferences and distribution lists, 3) a
discussion of various methods of structuring the text data in existing
systems, and 4) a description of the networks of interconnected systems
(including ARPANET, CSNET, BITNET, USENET, JNT-MAIL, EURNET, AND
MAILNET)."}

@ARTICLE{Meeks86,
	title = "An Overview of Conferencing Systems",
	author = "Brock N Meeks",
	journal = "Byte Magazine",
	year = 1986,
	month = "December",
	volume = 10,
	number = 3,
	pages = "169-70,172-176,178,180,182,184",
	LC = "QA 76.5 B9",
	abstract = "A ``guided'' tour through several conferencing
systems. Reviews early computer conferencing systems (1971 with EMISARI
- Emergency Management Information System and Reference Index - by
Murray Turoff, Office of Emergency Preparedness). 

Descriptions of COM (Swedish National Defense Research Institute
starting in 1971); EIES (New Jersey Institute of Technology, building on
experience of EMISARI); PARTI or PARTICIPATE (initially Participation
Systems Inc now NETI, Inc. - by Harry Stevens and incorporates ideas
from several conferencing systems); NOTEPAD (business oriented from
Infomedia by Jacques Vallee); eFORUM (developed by NETI and relatively
new product but not containing e-mail); COSY (developed by Al Mayer at
University of Guelph based on several different conferencing systems
beginning in 1983 - also same as BIX conferencing run by BYTE magazine);
CONFER (Developed at University of Michigan by Bob Parnes in 1975);
AUGMENT (marketed by Tymshare since 1978); and GENIE (Created by Stephen
Heitmann but small proprietary system)."}

@ARTICLE{Mayer86,
	author = "Alastair J W Mayer",
	title = "Storage Architectures: Their Implications for 
		Conferencing Systems",
	journal = "Byte Magazine",
	month = "December",
	year = 1986,
	volume = 10,
	number = 13,
	pages = "221-234",
	LC = "QA 76.5 B9",
	abstract = "Discusses computer conferencing as an example of a
specialized database, using CoSy as the reference system. CoSy was
designed from the perspective of the user first, and the file/database
structure second. The overall file structure sets the tone of all
subsequent developments, as the old data must be upward compatable as
new versions of the conferencing system are implemented. Various options
for the basic file design are discussed and the trade-offs among them
are noted. 

Some brief comparisons are made between CoSy, PARTI, and COM
conferencing systems, with most detailed points between CoSy and COM.
The CoSy system was developed in UNIX initially, and several UNIX
related features are referenced frequently. The CoSy system in 1985
version on UNIX was about 12,000 lines of C code (including editor)."}


@article{Canning85,
	title = "More Uses for Computer Conferencing",
	author = "R G  Canning",
	year = 1985,
	journal = "EDP Analyser",
	volume = 23,
	number = 8,
	pages = "1-16",
	LC = "HF 5548.2 E15",
	abstract = "Somewhat popularly oriented discussion of conferencing but
contains good information. Lists appropriate uses: focus on GROUP activities,
formal (staff or committee groups) or informal (``network'' of people not in
organizational unit), group management or information sharing, and joint
writing of reports. Lists inappropriate uses: arguments, disagreements,
negotiations (all cases where someone is trying to ``win'' at something); other
inappropriate uses are when the users do not know, like, or trust one another. 

Some benefits are: 1) convenient (you set time and place), 2)
non-interruptive, 3) avoids telephone tag, 4) handles a dispersed group
as easily as a local one, 5) allows for special interest discussions, 6)
late joiners can catch up easily, 7) users can settle many matters
without face-to-face meetings, 8) users like the ``collaborative'' nature
of it, 9) it supports GROUP interaction so is valuable for project
management, 10) encourages ``chance'' meetings of people with shared
interests and can result in cross-fertilization of ideas, 11) managers
can participate in conferences and can be more proactive, and 12) allows
even large numbers of people to interact. 

Some problems: 1) not everyone in organization may welcome the
technology ;with open arms, 2) training in ``writing'' rather than
``speaking'' may be necessary (learn to be concise, segment different
topics so people can refer back in later discussions to exactly what
they are commenting on), 3) using third parties (such as secretaries) to
carry out the communications will compromise the informality that is one
of the charms of the medium, 4) trying to make the written form look
like the standard formal memo will also reduce the informality, and 5)
individuals who sense their jobs are based largely on information flow
may sense a personal danger. 

A commentary is provided by Murray Turoff and Roxanne Hiltz of New
Jersey Institute of Technology. While there are potentials to raise
productivity of managers, professionals, and other ``information
workers'', about 25% drop out after being invited to join (don't use the
system enough to get over the learning period). Start with the BEST
applications: 1) geographically dispersed team or project group that
needs to communicate more, cannot travel much and are under time
pressures, 2) peer group within the organization that wants to
communicate more and needs to coordinate and exchange information on a
regular basis, 3) cooperative group which already trusts one another and
wants to work together more, 4) group with an important and clear-cut
objective or task to accomplish within a specific time frame, and 5) a
group where it has become impossible to find free times when the whole
group can meet at the same time." } 

@article{Crickman79,
	title = "Citizen Participation Through Computer Conferencing",
	author = "R Crickman and M Kochen",
	journal = "Technological Forecasting and Social Change",
	volume = 14,
	number = 1,
	pages = "47-64",
	year = 1979,
	LC = "T 174 T38",
	abstract = "Describes a computer conference on recombinant DNA
among four lay people; they had no previous training on computer
conferencing. Results indicate topic was successfully discussed and
conferencing was actually preferred by some. Lists some suggestions for
managing computer conferences involving inexperienced users."}

@article{Levinson86,
	title = "Marshall McLuhan and Computer Conferencing",
	author = "Paul Levinson",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication",
	volume = "PC-29",
	number = 1,
	pages = "9-11",
	year = 1986,
	LC = "T 10.5 I35",
	abstract = "Marshall McLuhan's writing style has long been a
source of fascination and frustration to the scholarly community.
Instead of sequentially developed paragraphs and chapters, McLuhan's
work often took the form of numerous free-standing commentaries,
usually not more than a few pages in length, each self-sustaining yet
revolving around some sort of central theme. 

This ``holographic'' style turns out to have much in common with the
commentaries produced by participants in a computer conference, where
individuals engage in multi-dimensional dialogues through comments of
usually 20-60 lines of length around several related themes. The
similarities in the textures of computer conferences and the books of
McLuhan - who know nothing about computer conferencing when he wrote
his books - help us better understand both the computer conference as a
literary form and the style of McLuhan. The electronic group production
of dialogue fulfills McLuhans's oft stated desire to overcome the
boundaries of static print on a page, and shows that literacy may
actually be promoted rather than eclipsed by the electronic revolution
(author abstract). 

Article describes experiences of EIES computer conferencing system and
Western Behaviorial Sciences Institute. Students in a conference would
number 5-75 with 5-10 instructors. Typical conferences have 5-15
participants and generate 5-10 comments per week; they generally last
one month and may produce 100-150 comments for the total conference."}

@article{Kerr86,
	title = "Electronic Leadership: A Guide to Moderating Online 
		Conferences",
	author = "Elaine Kerr",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication",
	volume = "PC-29",
	number = 1,
	pages = "12-18",
	year = 1986,
	LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
	abstarct = "Summarizes effective leadership styles and skills
for moderating online meetings and facilitating electronic groups (using
the EIES conferencing system as an example). The ``acquired'' wisdom of
many different groups using EIES since its 1976 initiation are
summarized. 

LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS. The most effective moderator style is
group-oriented (rather than authoritarian), and s/he includes all
conference members interested in the formation of policy and moves them
to consensus. The moderator of a active task-oriented conferences should
spend 30 min or more on line each day. Effective moderators must exert
strong organizational pressures and also be familiar with the
technology; if the do not have time or experience they should not take
on the role of moderator. The moderator should set the agenda and keep
the group moving toward its goal. 

FACE-TO-FACE. Group training prior to conferencing can be valuable if
time and money permit. This sets the stage for a ``working 
relationship''
and uses the conferencing for the communication techniques. Time should
be allowed for socializing and ``getting to know one another'' as well as
outlining the task and getting exposure to the technology. The ideal
session would be about 1.5 days and allow about 5 hrs on line. 

STRUCTURE. The moderator should prepare a group message with initial
instructions on procedures (first task might be to send a message to
the moderator, then introduce themselves, comment on initial definition
of the task). The moderator should clarify the structure of the
conferencing system (e.g., mail vs conferencing). Specific tasks of
moderators are given. 

ACTIVITIES. The moderator should set agendas, indexing comments by
keywords or by making summaries. The moderator should welcome new
members, provide initial items, see members develop their resumes, build
some ``social'' fabric (host an on-line party - optimum size is 10-15 is
all are making entries), delegate responsibilities, provide positive
feedback to members and create a climate that adds to self-esteem,
control the process so ``loud'' users are calmed down and ``quiet'' users
are drawn out, and keep the comments flowing. Time should be set aside
to ``self analyze'' the conference and redirect efforts as appropriate. A
list of incentives for participation is provided." } 

@article{Feenberg86,
	title = "Network Design: An Operating Manual for Computer 
		Conferencing", 
	author = "Andrew Feenberg",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication",
	volume = "PC-29",
	number = 1,
	pages = "2-7",
	year = 1986,
	LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
	abstract = "The communcations revolutions of the last century
have so far enhanced one-to-one contacts (e.g., telephone) and mass
broadcast (e.g., radio and television). Yet, the small groups in which
most of our daily activities go on have been largely unaffected.
Computer conferencing addresses that ``last frontier''. This paper briefly
reviews computer conferences and how they differ from regular meetings,
and describes steps to be taken for a successful conferencing
implementation. 

Communication by computer conferencing is different than ``natural''
communications (e.g., one gets verbal and non-verbal cues by setting
in a group). At the time of computer communication, no objective context
my be present for guidance. Thus, computer conferencing does not ``just
automate meetings'', but requires careful DESIGN AND LEADERSHIP to
replace an old and familiar communicatons system. 

Computer conferencing works with four elements (plus moderating as a
fifth): 

HARDWARE. A central computer and local terminals or personal computers. 

SOFTWARE: Both host and terminal software affect use and interaction.
Conferencing systems which are complex to learn but have powerful
features may not be as ``useful'' as simple to learn with ``adequate''
features. Methods of composing off-line and minimizing communications
costs are helpful. 

GROUPWARE: A word coined by Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz, a combination
of group processes AND software that make up the conferencing system.
How are conferences structured (few, many)? How is conference moderation
accomplished (see below). 

CONTEXTUALIZATION. Computer conferencing is weak on ``context'' compared
to the more familiar communications methods. The absence of tacit cues
and coded objects threatens participants and may leave them speechless.
This can be addressed by bringing the participants together to discussed
the common interests and procedures, materials may be mailed to
participants, telephone calls can be used to contact members, and the
conferences themselves can be made context sensitive by the way opening
comments are made and follow-up statements used. 

MODERATING. The moderator is extremely important to computer
conferencing. A short check list would include 1) setting the conference
contents, 2) setting the norms and procedures, 3) setting the agenda and
flow of topics, 4) recognition of members contributions, 5) prompting
members to address certain issues, 6) weaving themes or summarizing the
state of discussion, and 7) meta-commenting (remarks directed at
changing the context or agenda of conference). groupware (number of
conferences offered, norms established for groups), and
contextualizations (especially designed opening statements, integration
of mail and conferencing). Suggestions for workstations and methods of
allowing ``browsing of the text'' are provided. 

CONCLUSIONS. We can summarize five principles: 1) computer conferencing
is a new technology for effective interactive communication in small
groups, 2) several types of conferences are available (based on subject,
project, or group needs), 3) many ordinary conventions and rituals of
small group communications are lost in computer conferencing (and must
be addressed artificially), 4) this new type of communication must be
organized and sustained by designers and moderators, and 5) successful
implementation involves both communications knowledge and computer
knowledge by the installing group."} 

@ARTICLE{Pullinger86,
	title = "Chit-Chat to Electronic Journals: Computer Conferencing 
		Supports Scientific Communication",
	author = "D J Pullinger",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication",
	volume = "PC-29",
	number = 1,
	pages = "23-29",
	year = 1986,
	LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
	abstract = "In 1980-1985 the conferencing system NOTEPAD was
extended to serve as an experimental program into electronic journals
and other kinds of scientific communications in the United Kingdom.
Several locations were linked together and use ranged from ``chit-chat''
to information exchange to refereed papers. The paper describes low,
moderate, high use groups (in terms of frequency of signin and of length
of session). 

Examples of conferences are: peer review of articles, journal of
abstracts were readers could post comments, poster papers
(pre-publication papers for early comment), full papers (for reading),
and newsletter.  In addition, several ``information'' conferences or
seminars were run, lasting from 1 day to several months (of variety of
topic, including teaching students). Specific roles taken by coauthors
are: project organizer, timescale watcher, absent co-author (keeps track
of who is available), phase directors, writing team, section writer, and
planning team. 

Recommendations for improvement include: 1) encourage the initiation of
discussion by greater allocation of roles and leadership forms, 2) put
summaries of previous discussions into the conference at periods
relating to normal access, so members do not have information overload
in catching up, and 3) if a newsletter is available have it tied to the
average access pattern. 

One result of the experiment was that four people who had not previously
met had regular on-line conferences to discuses a particular area of
work, which was subsequently published as a scientific paper."} 

@ARTICLE{Spitzer86,
	title = "Writing Style in Computer Conferences",
	author = "Michael Spitzer",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication",
	volume = "PC-29",
	number = 1,
	pages = "19-22",
	year = 1986,
	LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
	abstract = "Users of computer conferencing must become aware of
the special characteristics of communicating in this medium and adopt
new communications strategies if computer conferencing is to achieve its
full potential. 

Based on experiences with the PARTI software at the New York Institute
of Technology, examples of written conference material are presented.
Some ``definitions'' users have formed about computer conferencing are: 

-    talking in writing. 
-    running a debate in a journal's ``notes and queries'' section, but without
      the tedium of having to wait for each new monthly number. 
-    a panel discussion in slow motion. 
-    writing letters which are mailed over the telephone. 

Computer conferencing encourages what feels like intimate,
conversational discourse, yet, because it is ``many-to-many'' it requires
the same attention to form as the familiar essay. It is ``in between'' the
forms we are used to. The paper discusses computer conferencing behavior
and compares it to some other methods of communication. Computer
conferencing also allows some graphic representation (e.g., 'grin' after
a statement indicates humor, \#\$\%\# indicates 'oh darn' and so on). 

In general, computer conferencing forces ``equality'' of the members; it
makes for more ``democratic'' discussion. Beginners tend to be passive and
shy, while they assimilate the etiquette before they participate. Some
experienced users sometimes focus too much on the text, rather than the
reader (again showing the need for feedback). 

There is a need for METACOMMUNICATON (or talking about communication).
This provides the ``threads'' that hold the discussion together, helps
provide the cues that are lacking in non-face-to-face meetings, and
really takes advantage of the ``transcript'' available in computer
conferencing. Computer conferencing in NOT just another form of writing.
But we must strive for clarity and precision of language (keeping
informal), use effective language, and occasionally avail ourselves to
graphic representation."} 

@ARTICLE{Johansen84,
	title = "What to Expect from Teleconferencing",
	author = "Robert Johansen and Christine Bullen",
	journal = "Harvard Business Review",
	volume = 62,	
	number = 2,
	pages = "164,168,170,172,174",
	LC = "HF 5001 H3",
	year = 1984,
	abstract = "Provides several case studies and definitions for
types of teleconferencing (audio, video, computer). Common
misconceptions are: 1) high level of use (actually the technology is
just developing but growing); 2) best for travel substitution (actually
travel patterns will change but slowly); 3) audio is simple (actually
audio systems are the technically most difficult; and 4) solution to
face-to-face meetings (actually most people try to ``imitate'' a
face-to-face meeting with this technology and thus loose much of its
poten- tial). 

Critical Success Factors include: 1) clear business requirement (some
uses are obvious and others less so but there must be a need for
communications); 2) accurate needs assessment (understand the nature of
work involved); 3) learning from experience (learn from other's
mistakes); and 4) importance of culture (behavioral impacts). 

Likely effects include: 1) teleconferencing is a partly a ``managerial
support system'' and must be integrated into other communications
planning; 2) face-to-face meetings and electronic meetings will become
less and less alike as we better apply the technology; 3) the ``tone'' of
the meeting will change as requirements for communication become the
driving force for change rather than protocol of face-to-face meetings;
4) organizations will change as teleconferencing is integrated with
computing and data availability; and 5) the incentives for using
teleconferencing will begin to compete with other modes of communication
or travel (including remote ``observation'' by off-site experts). 

Making it work requires effort: 1) there is no ``cookbook'' for success
and each application should be reviewed independently; 2) integration of
teleconferencing into other forms of communications is crucial; 3)
cost factors will be important so ``possible'' systems are likely to give
way to ``practical'' systems; and 4) since introduction of
teleconferencing will change the fundamental communications process of
the organization, the manager introducing it plays a delicate role. 

Tables compare the various media, cost advantages, opportunity
enhancement, and negative effects."} 

@ARTICLE{Rice83,
	title = "Electronic Message Systems in the 
		University---A Description of Use and Utility",
	author = "Ronald E. Rice and Donald Case",
	journal = "Journal of Communications",
	volume = 33,
	number = 1,
	pages = "131-152",
	LC = "P 87 J6",
	year = 1983,
	abstract = "A pilot study of a computer-based communications system,
``Terminals for Managers'' (80 senior managers), suggests that people do not
necessarily at- tribute greater benefits to using computer-based massaging as
they gain experience, and that they prefer different media depending upon the
task, their organizational status, attributes of the medium, and their own
personalities. Major uses were exchanging information, asking questions, and
exchanging opinions. 

Three major conclusions: 1) positive impacts of electronic messaging
systems in an organization represent may not be related to those who
actually use the system, 2) computer based communications should be used
where appropriate to the particular organizational task and managerial
styles rather than indiscriminately requiring it, and 3) personality
traits, job tasks, positions, and media skills affect how electronic
communications will be accepted."} 

@book{NCLIS79,
	title = "Information for the 1980's: Final Report of White House
Conference on Library and Information Services",
	author = "National Commission on Libraries and Information Science ",
	journal = "White House Conference on Library and Information Services",
	publisher = "White House",
	pages = "808",
	LC = "Y3 W58 20.2",
	year = 1979,
	abstract = "This conference was organized/managed by the EIES computer
conferencing system. A special chapter (pg 767-805) by Elaine Kerr summarizes
the experience. 

The conference was held November 1979 but the preceding seven months of
planning were largely run by EIES, with 41 committee members from 17
states as follows: Advisory Committee (21 members), Staff (8 members),
and Observers (12 of whom 5 were EIES and 7 consultants to the
conference). Ten conferences were established (e.g. logistics,
information center, program committee, evalua- tion). This was an
example of a short duration, specific goals, distributed membership
conference. 

It took 2 of the 7 months to ``get acquainted'' with the EIES system and
acquiring equipment. During the conference, EIES was used in several
ways in conjunction with the Information Center (e.g. continuous
reporting of conference activities, allow delegates to monitor all
groups even though meetings were concurrent, allowing remote sites to be
involved, and allowing contact with the ``home'' groups and the
delegates). 

Pre-use and post-use questionnaires were used to evaluate the experience
(copy is in the book). In general, EIES had a positive impact on the
quality and quantity of work, and decreased most participants use of
telephone, travel, and mail. Responses to open-ended questionnaire items
are also included. Several tables list actual use statistics for each
conference."} 

%
% end of cosy citations
%



@book{Ericsson84,
	author = "K Anders Ericsson and Herbert A Simon",
	title = "Protocol Analysis: Verbal Report as Data",
	publisher = "MIT Press",
	address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
	year = 1984}

@book{Olson89,
	editor = "Margrethe H. Olson",
	title = "Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration",
	publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates",
	address = "Hillsdale, New Jersey",
	year = 1989,
	abstract = "Based on contributions to the Symposium on
Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration, held by New
York University's Center for Research on Information Systems, May,
1987"}

@article{Silver88,
	author = "Mark S Silver",
	title = "On the Restrictiveness of Decision Support Systems",
	booktitle = "Organizational Decision Support Systems:
		Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.3 Working Conference",
	editor = "R M Lee and A M {McCosh} and P Migliarese",
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland)",
	address = "Como, Italy",
	month = "June",
	year = 1988,	
	pages = "259--270"}
	pages = "51--65"}

	
@inproceedings{Grudin88,
	title = "Why {CSCW} Applications Fail: Problems in the Design
		and Evaluation of Organizational Interfaces",
	author = "Jonathan Grudin",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported
		Cooperative Work",
	address = "Portland, Oregon",
	pages = "85--93",
	year = 1988, month = "September"}

@article{Lai88,
	title = "Object Lens: A ``Spreadsheet'' for Cooperative Work",
	author = "Kum-Yew Lai and Thomas W Malone and Keh-Chiang Yu",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	volume = 6, number = 4, month = "October", year = 1988,
	pages = "332--353"}

@article{Malone87b,
	author = "T W Malone and K R Grant and K Lai and R Rao and
		D Rosenblitt",
	title = "Semistructured Messages Are Surprisingly Useful
		for Computer-Supported Coordination",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	volume = 5, number = 2, year = 1987, month = "April",
	pages = "115--131"}

@inproceedings{Motro86g,
	author = "Amihai Motro",
	year = 1986,
	title = "Assuring Retrievability From Unstructured Databases
		By Contexts",
	booktitle = "International Conference on Data Engineering",
	month = "February",
	pages = "426--433",
	address = "Los Angeles, CA"}

@article{Pollock88,
	author = "Stephen Pollock",
	title = "A Rule-Based Message Filtering System",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	volume = 6, number = 3, month = "July", year = 1988,
	pages = "232--254"}

@article{Utting89,
	author = "Kenneth Utting and Nicole Yankelovich",
	title = "Context and Orientation in Hypermedia Networks", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	volume = 7, number = 1, month = "January", year = 1989,	
	pages = "58--85"}

@article{Gray89,
	title = "The User Interface in Group Decision Support Systems",
	author = "Paul Gray and Lorne Olfman",
	journal = "Decision Support Systems",
	volume = 5, year = 1989, pages = "119--137"}

@article{Halasz88,
	title = "Reflections on {Notecards:} Seven Issues for
		the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems",
	author = "Frank Halasz",
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	year = 1988, month = "July", volume = 31, number = 7,
	pages = "836--852"}

@inproceedings{Leland88,
	title = "Collaborative Document Production Using {Quilt}",
	author = "Mary Leland and Robert Fish and Robert Kraut",
	year = 1988, pages = "206--215",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported
		Cooperative Work",
	address = "Portland, Oregon",
	month = "September"}

@inproceedings{Ellis89,
	author = "C A Ellis and S J Gibbs",
	title = "Concurrency Control in Groupware Systems",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM Special Interest Group
		on Management of Data",
	pages = "399--407",
	year = 1989}

@article{Sutherland89,
	author = "David Sutherland and Robert Crosslin",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: {Factors} in
		a Software Implementation",
	journal = "Information and Management",
	volume = 16, number = 2,
	pages = "93--103", 
	month = "February", year = 1989}

@article{Lewis88,
	author = "L Floyd Lewis and Ken S Keleman",
	title = "Issues in Group Decision Support System Design",
	journal = "Journal of Information Science Principles 
		and Practice",
	volume = 14, number = 6, pages = "347--354",year = 1988}

@inproceedings{Gibbs89,
	author = "S J Gibbs",
	title = "{LIZA:} an extensible groupware toolkit",
	pages = "29--35",
	year = 1989, month = "May",
	booktitle = "Conference on Human Factors in Computing
		Systems (CHI 89)",
	address = "Austin, Texas"}

@article{Conklin88,
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	title = "{gIBIS:} a hypertext tool for exploratory policy
		discussions",
	author = "J Conklin and M L Begeman",
	volume = 6, number = 4, pages = "303--331",
	month = "October", year = 1989}

@article{DeSanctis87,
	title = "Computer-supported meetings: building a research
		environment",
	author = "G DeSanctis and V Sambamurthy and R T Watson",	
	journal = "Large Scale Systems Information Decision
		Technology",
	volume = 13, number = 1, pages = "43--59",
	year = 1987}

@inproceedings{Eck89,
	title = "Group operating systems for decision factories 
		of the future: an extended relational {GDSS}
		architecture",
	author = "R Eck and M Goul and A Philippakis and S Richards",
	editor = "R Blanning and D King",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Hawaii
		International Conference on Systems Sciences: Volume 3:
		Decision Support and Knowledge Based Systems",
	pages = "280--290", volume = 3, year = 1989,
	address = "Kailua-Kona, Hawaii",
	publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press",
	month = "January"}

@article{Whitescarver87,
	author = "J Whitescarver and P Mukherji and M Turoff and 
		R J {DeBlock Jr} and R M Czech and B K Paul",
	title = "A network environment for computer-supported
		cooperative work",
	journal = "Computer Communications Review",
	volume = 17, number = 5, pages = "260--272",
	year = 1987}

@inproceedings{Garcia88,
	author = "J J {Garcia-Luna-Aceves} and E J Craighill and R Lang",
	title = "An open-systems model for computer-supported
		collaboration",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second IEEE Conference on
		Computer Workstations",
	pages = "40--51",
	month = "March", year = 1988, address = "Santa Clara, California",
	publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press"}

@inproceedings{Rajkumar88,
	title = "Requirements for an extensible {GDSS:} an object
		oriented architecture",
	author = "T M Rajkumar and S B Yadav",
	pages = "125--130",
	editor = "Benn Konsynski",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Hawaii
		International Conference on Systems Sciences: Volume 3:
		Decision Support and Knowledge Based Systems",
	month = "January", year = 1988,
	address = "Kailua-Kona, Hawaii",
	publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press"}

@article{Jelassi87,
	title = "An integrated framework for group decision
		support systems design",
	author = "M T Jelassi and R A Beauclair",
	journal = "Information and Management",
	volume = 13, number = 3, pages = "143--153",
	month = "October", year = 1987}

@article{Bui86,
	author = "T X Bui and M Jarke",
	title = "Communications design for {Co-oP:} a group
		decision support system",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	volume = 4, number = 2, pages = "81--103",
	month = "April", year = 1986}

@phdthesis{Bui86b,
	title = "{Co-oP:} A decision support system for cooperative
		multiple criteria group decision-making",
	author = "Tung Xuan Bui",
	school = "New York University",
	address = "Graduate School of Business Administration",
	year = 1986}

@article{Bui86c,
	author = "T Bui and M Jarke",
	title = "Communications Requirements for Group Decision
		Support Systems",
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
	volume = 11, number = 4, pages = "8--20",
	month = "Spring", year = 1986}
		
	
@article{Malone87,
	author = "T W Malone and K R Grant and F A Turbak and S A Brobst 
and
		M D Cohen", 
	title = "Intelligent Information-Sharing Systems",
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	volume = 30, number = 5, month = "May", year = 1987,
	pages = "390--402"}

@article{Dennis88,
	title = "Information Technology to Support Electronic
		Meetings",
	journal = "MIS Quarterly",
	month = "December", year = 1988,
	author = "Alan Dennis and Joey George and Len Jessup and 
		Jay Nunamaker and Doug Vogel",
	pages = "591--624",
	volume = 12, number = 4}

@phdthesis{Munro88,
	title = "An architecture for distributed decision support systems",
	author = "David L Munro",
	school = "The University of Wisconsin",
	year = 1988,	
	address = "Computer Science Department"}


@phdthesis{Morris88,
	title = "Supporting environmental scanning and organizational
		communication with the processing of text: the use of
		computer-generated abstracts",
	author = "Andrew H Morris",
	school = "Texas Tech University",
	address = "Business Administration",
	year = 1988}
	

@inproceedings{Marca89,	
	title = "Specifying coordinators: guidelines for groupware
		developers",
	author = "D A Marca",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop
		on Software Specification and Design",
	pages = "235--237",
	year = 1989, month = "May",
	publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press",
	address = "Pittsburgh"}

@article{Konsynski84,
	title = "{PLEXSYS-84:} An Integrated Development Environment
		for Information Systems",
	author = "Benn R Konsynski and Jeffrey E Kotteman and 
		Jay F {Nunamaker, Jr.} 	and Jack W Stott",
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
	year = 1984, month = "Winter", volume = 1, number = 3,
	pages = "65--104"}

@article{Stefik87,
	title = "{WYSIWIS} Refised: Early Experiences with
		Multiuser Interfaces",	
	author = "M Stefik and D G Bobrow and G Foster and S Lanning
		and D Tatar",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	volume = 5, number = 2, month = "April", year = 1987,
	pages = "147--167"}

@proceedings{Lederberg89,
	title = "Towards a National Collaboratory",
	editor = "Joshua Lederberg and Keith Uncapher",
	year = 1989, month = "March",
	organization = "National Science Foundation"}

@techreport{Dempsey90,
	title = "Requirements for Multicast in a Technical
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	author = "Bert J Dempsey and Alfred C Weaver",
	year = 1990,
	institution = "University of Virginia",
	address = "Department of Computer Science", 
	number = "TR-90-04"}

@article{Conklin87,
	title = "Hypertext: {An} Introduction and Survey",
	journal = "IEEE Computer",
	author = "Jeff Conklin",
	volume = 20,
	month = "September", year = 1987, pages = "17--41"}

@inproceedings{King87,
	author = "R King and M Novak",
	title = "Freeform: a User-adaptive Form Management System",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference 
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	editor = "P Stocker and W Kent and P Hammersley",
	month = "September", year = 1987, pages = "331--338"}

@article{Peckham88,
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	year = 1988, pages = "153--190"}

@inproceedings{Fang85,
	author = "K-Y Fang",
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	month = "July", year = 1985,  pages = "473--479"}

@inproceedings{Mili87,
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	editor = "H J Antonisse and J W Benoit and B G Silverman",
	month = "October",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "12--18"}

@inproceedings{Vogel88,
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	author = "D Vogel",
	year = 1988,
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-First Hawaii
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	month = "January",
	pages = "240--246"}

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@article{Huber84,
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@inproceedings{Kraemer86,
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		Decision Making",
	author = "K L Kraemer and J L King",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Computer-
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	year = 1986}

@proceedings{sigart89,
	title = "Special Issue of SIGART on Knowledge Acquisition",
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@article{Sprague80,
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@article{Alonso87,
	author = "Rafael Alonso and Hector Garcia-Molina and Kenneth Salem",
	title = "Concurrency Control and Recovery for Global Procedures in 
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	journal = "Database Engineering",
	volume = 10, number = 3, month = "September", year = 1987,
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@inproceedings{Banerjee87b,
	author = "J Banerjee and W Kim and H J Kim and H F Korth",
	title = "Semantics and Implementation of Schema Evolution in 
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	booktitle = "Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest 
Group 
		on Management of Data 1987 Annual Conference, San Francisco,
		California",
	volume = 16, month = "May", year = 1987, pages = "311--322"}

@article{Breitbart87,
	author = "Y Breitbart and A Silberschatz and G Thompson", 
	title = "An Update Mechanism for Multidatabase Systems",
	journal = "Database Engineering",
	volume = 10, number = 3, month = "September", year = 1987,
	pages = "136--142"}

@inproceedings{Chen84,
	author = "H Chen and S M Kuck",
	title = "Combining Relational and Network Retrieval Methods",
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		MA",
	volume = 14, month = "June", year = 1984, 
	pages = "131--142"}

@inproceedings{Dayal88,
	author = "U Dayal",
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	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on 
		Data and Knowledge Bases: Improving Usability and 
		Responsiveness",
	editor = " C Beeri and J W Schmidt and U Dayal",
	month = "June", year = 1988,
	pages = "150--170",
	publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc."}

@article{Felten84,
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@inproceedings{Fox87,
	author = "E A Fox",
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	booktitle = "29th NFAIS Annual Conference, Arlington, VA",
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@inproceedings{Furnas86,
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@article{Furnas87,
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@inproceedings{Hsu88,
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@inproceedings{Jakobson88,
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		Data and Knowledge Bases: Improving Usability and 
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@inproceedings{Kim87b,
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@incollection{Lunn88,
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	publisher = "ACM Press",
	address = "Baltimore"}

@inproceedings{Lim90,
	title = "Does {GDSS} Promote More Democratic Decision-Making ---
		{The} {Singapore} Experiment",
	author = "L H Lim and K S Raman and K K Wei",
	pages = "59--68",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Hawaii
		International Conference on System Sciences: Volume III:
		Decision Support and Knowledge Based Systems",
	year = 1990,
	editor = "Jay F. {Nunamaker, Jr.}",
	publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press",
	address = "Los Alamitos, CA",
	month = "January"}

@inproceedings{Nunamaker90,
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems in {Pacific Rim} Nations: 
		Replicating the {Arizona} {GDSS} Studies",
	author = "J George and J F {Nunamaker, Jr.}",
	year = 1988,
	booktitle = "Group Decision Support Systems in {Pacific Rim}
		Nations",
	month = "November",
	editor = "J George and J F {Nunamaker, Jr.}",
	pages = "3--17",
	publisher = "PRIISM",
	address = "Honolulu, Hawaii"}

@article{Hamilton81,
	title = "Evaluating Information System Effectiveness",
	author = "Scott Hamilton and Norman Chervany",
	journal = "MIS Quarterly",
	volume = 5, number = 3, month = "September", year = 1981,
	pages = "55--69"}

@article{Jarvenpaa85,
	title = "Methodological Issues in Experimental {IS} Research: 
		{Experience} and Recommendations",
	author = "Sirkka Jarvenpaa and Gary Dickson and Geraldine DeSanctis",
	year = 1985, volume = 9, number = 2, month = "June", 
	pages = "141--156",
	journal = "MIS Quarterly"}

@misc{Choldin90,
	note = "Private communication with M. Choldin, Feb, 1990",
	key = "Choldin90",
	author = "M. Choldin",
	year = 1990}

@misc{USWest90,
	note = "Private communications with representatives from
		US West Communications, January, 1990",
	key = "USWest90",
	author = "U S West",
	year = 1990}

@misc{Konsynski90,
	note = "Private communication with B. Konsynski, Feb, 1990",
	key = "Konsynski90",
	author = "B. Konsynski",
	year = 1990}

@book{Borkovskiy87,
	title = "{English-Russian} Dictionary of Computers and Programming",
	author = "A. B. Borkovskiy",
	publisher = "Russkiy Yazyk",
	address = "Moscow",
	year = 1987}
%	note = "60,000 copies published in USSR"

@techreport{Judy85,
	year = 1985,
	title = "The {Riad} Computers of
		the {Soviet Union} and {Eastern Europe} 1970-1985: 
		{A} survey and Comparative Analysis",
	institution = "Hudson Institute",
	number = "850902.2",
	author = "Richard Judy",
	address = "Indianapolis, Indiana",
	type = "Working Paper"}

@article{Davis78,
	year = 1978,
	title = "The {Soviet} Bloc's Unified System of Computers",
	month = "June",
	volume = 10, number = 2,
	journal = "Computing Surveys",
	author = "N C Davis and S E Goodman",
	pages = "93--122"}

@article{Rudins70,
	year = 1970,
	title = "Soviet Computers: {A} Historical Survey",
	month = "January",
	author = "George Rudins",
	pages = "6--44",
	journal = "Soviet Cybernetics Review"}

@incollection{McHenry88a,
	year = 1988,
	author = "W K McHenry",
	title = "Computer Networks and the {Soviet-style} Information
		Society",
	booktitle = "The Future Information Revolution in the {USSR}",
	publisher = "Crane Russak and Company",
	address = "New York",
	pages = "85--114",
	editor = "R A Staar"}

@article{Conyngham80,
	year = 1980,
	title = "Technology and Decision Making: {Some} Aspects
		of the Development of {OGAS}",
	journal = "Slavic Review",
	month = "Fall",
	author = "William J Conyngham",
	pages = "426--445"}

@incollection{McHenry87,
	year = 1987,
	author = "W K McHenry",
	title = "Computer Networks in the {Soviet} Scientific Community",
	booktitle = "The Status of {Soviet} Civil Science",
	editor = "C. Sinclair",
	address = "Dordrecht, the Netherlands",
	publisher = "Martinus Nijhoff Publishers",
	pages = "151--176"}
	
@unpublished{Adams82,
	year = 1982,
	author = "J J Adams and W K McHenry and S E Goodman",
	title = "Monthly Report for {May,} 1982",
	note = "Unpublished internal memorandum",
	month = "May"}

@incollection{Kling82,
	author = "R Kling and W Scacchi",
	title = "The Web of Computing: {Computer} Technology
		as Social Organization",
	year = 1982,
	publisher = "Academic Press",
	booktitle = "Advances in Computers",
	volume = 21,
	editor = "M C Yovits",
	pages = "1--90"}

@article{Scacchi89,
	author = "Walt Scacchi",
	title = "On the power of domain-specific hypertext environments",
	year = 1989,
	journal = "Journal of the American Society for Information 
			Science",
	volume = 4,
	number = 3,
	pages = "183--191"}

@incollection{Kling87,
	author = "R Kling",
	title = "Defining the Boundaries of Computing across Complex
		Organizations",
	booktitle = "Critical Issues in Information Systems Research",
	editor = "R J Boland and R A Hirschheim",
	year = 1987,
	publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons Ltd",
	pages = "307--362"}

@book{Allison71,
	title = "The Essence of Decision: {Explaining} the {Cuban}
		Missile Crisis",
	author = "Graham Allison",
	year = 1971,
	publisher = "Little, Brown, and Co.",
	address = "Boston"}

@book{Shmelev89,
	title = "The Turning Point: {Revitalizing} the {Soviet} 
		Economy",
	author = "Nikolai Shmelev and Vladimir Popov",
	year = 1989,
	publisher = "Doubleday",
	address = "New York"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rittenhouse83,
	author = "Rittenhouse, B",
	title = "Productivity Assessment Issues in Office Automation",
	booktitle = "Proc. 16th Hawaiian International Conference on 
		Systems Sciences",
	year = "1983",
	pages = "576-579"}

@ARTICLE{Denning82,
	author = "Denning, P J",
	title = "Electronic Junk",
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	year = "1982",
	month = "March",
	pages = "153-165"}

@INCOLLECTION{Tapscott81,
	author = "Tapscott, D",
	title = "Research on the Impact of Office Information Communication 
		Systems",
	editor = "Uhlig, R", 
	booktitle = "Computer Message Systems",
	publisher = "North Holland Publishing Company",
	year = 1981,
	pages = "395-409"}

@BOOK{Bikson83,
	author = "Bikson, T K and Gutek, B A",
	title = "Advanced office systems: An empirical look at utilization 
			and satisfaction",
	publisher = "Rand Corporation",
	address = "Santa Monica, CA",
	year = 1983}

@ARTICLE{Siegel86,
	author = "Siegel, J and Dburovsky, V and Kiesler, S and McGuire, T",
	title = "Group Processes in Computer-Mediated Communication",
	journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes",
	volume = 37,
	year = 1986,
	pages = "157-187"}

@ARTICLE{Meier85,
	author = "Meier, S",
	title = "Computer Aversion",
	journal = "Computers in Human Behavior",
	volume = 1,
	year = 1985, 
	pages = "171-179"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kjerluff84,
	author = "Kjerluff, K and Counte, M",
	title = "Measuring attitudes towards computers: Two approaches",
	booktitle = "Proceedings from the Eighth Annual Symposium on 
		Computer Applications in Medical Care",
	volume = 8,
	year = 1984, 
	pages = "529-535"}

@ARTICLE{Elkins85,
	author = "Elkins, R",
	title = "Attitudes of special education personnel toward computers",
	journal = "Educational Technology",
	volume = 15,
	year = 1985,
	pages = "31-34"}

@ARTICLE{Edinger85,
	author = "Edinger, J A and Patterson, M L",
	title = "Nonverbal involvement and social control",
	journal = "Psychological Bulletin",
	volume = 93,
	year = 1985,
	pages = "30-56"}

@BOOK{Vallee77,
	author = "Vallee, J and Johansen, R and Lipinski, H and Wilson, T",
	title = "Group Communication through computers",
	publisher = "Institute of the Future",
	address = "Menlo Park, CA",
	year = 1977}

@ARTICLE{Emmett81,
	author = "Emmett, R",
	title = "Comments on {VNET}",
	journal = "Datamation",
	year = 1982,
	pages = 48}

@ARTICLE{Vangelder83,
	author = "{Van Gelder}, L",
	title = "Modems : Close Encounters of the computer kind",
	journal = "Ms. Magazine",
	volume = 90,
	year = 1983, 
	pages = "61-64"}

@BOOK{Hiltz78,
	author = "Hiltz, S R and Turoff, M",
	title = "The Network Nation : Human Communication via Computer",
	year = 1978,
	publisher = "Addison Wesley",
	address = "Reading, MA"}

@ARTICLE{Hiltz81,
	author = "Hiltz, S R",
	title = "The Evolution of User Behavior in a Computerized Conferencing 
			System",
	journal = cacm,
	volume = 24,
	number = 11,
	month = "November",
	Year = 1981}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hiltz83,
	author = "Hiltz, S R and Turoff, M",
	title = "Avoiding Information Overload in the Electronic Office",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Hawaii International 
		Conference on System Sciences",
	pages = "581-589",
	year = 1983}

@TECHREPORT{Johnson81,
	author = "Johnson-Lenz, P", 
	title = "The Evolution of a Tailored Communications Structure : The 
			Topics System",
	institution = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
	address = "Newark, NJ",
	year = 1981,
	number = 14}

@BOOK{Kerr82,
	author = "Kerr, E B",
	title = "Computer-Mediated Communication Systems : Status and 
			Evaluation",
	address = "New York",
	publisher = "Academic Press",
	year = 1982}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Turoff72,
	author = "Turoff, M",
	title = "Party-Line and Discussion : Computerized 
			Conferencing Systems",
	booktitle = "First International Conference on 
		Computer Communications",
	year = 1972,
	pages = "161-171"}

@ARTICLE{Turoff82a,
	author = "Turoff, M",
	title = "Delphi conferencing: Computer-based conferencing with 
			anonymity",
	journal = "Technological Foreasting and Social Change",
	volume = 2,
	year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{Krausse86,
	author = "Krausse, S C and {Etchingham, Jr}, J B",
	title = "The Humanist and Computer-Assisted Library Research",
	journal = "CAH",
	volume = 20,
	year = 1986,
	pages = "87-96",
	publisher = {Paradigm Press}}

@ARTICLE{Raben85,
	author = "Raben, J",
	title = "The Grinnell House Round Table on a Center for
			Computer-Aided Humanities Research",
	journal = "CAH",
	volume = 19,
	year = 1985,
	pages = "183-184",
	publisher = "Paradigm Press" }

@ARTICLE{Elwork85,
	author = "Elwork, A and Gutkin, T B",
	journal = "Computers in Human Behavior",
	volume = 1,
	pages = "3-18",
	year = 1985,
	publisher = "Pergamon Press",
	title = "The Behavioral Sciences in the Computer Age"}

@BOOK{Papert80,
	author = "Papert, S A",
	title = "Mindstorms : Children, computers, and powerful ideas",
	publisher = "Basic Books",
	address = "New York",
	year = 1980}

@ARTICLE{Russo84,
	author = "Russo, D C",
	year = 1984,
	title = "Computers as an adjunct to therapy and research in 
			behavioral medicine",
	journal = "Behavior Therapist",
	volume = 7,
	pages = "99-102"}

@BOOK{Toffler80,
	author = "Toffler A",
	year = 1980,
	title = "The Third Wave",
	publisher = "Morrow",
	address = "New York"}

@ARTICLE{Hopcroft87,
	author = "Hopcroft, J E",
	title = "Computer Science : The Emergence of a Discipline",
	journal = cacm,
	year = 1987,
	month = "March",
	volume = 30,
	number = 3,
	pages = "198-202"}

@ARTICLE{Fossier86,
	author = "Fossier, L and Beaud M-J",
	title = "Le Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes",
	journal = cah,
	volume = 20,
	year = 1986,
	publisher = "Paradigm Press",
	pages = "267-268"}

@inproceedings{Tsur84,
	title = "An Implementation of {GEM}---supporting a semantic data
			model on a relational back end",
	author = "Shalom Tsur and Carlo Zaniolo",
	year = 1984,
	volume = 14,
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the annual meeting of {SIGMOD}",
	organization = "ACM SIGMOD",
	pages = "286--295",
	abstract = "
This paper presents a simple approach for extending the relational system
INGRES into one supporting a semantic data model.  It describes a DBMS 
consisting of (i) a user-friendly front-end, supporting the GEM semantic
data model and query language under UNIX, and (ii) a dedicated back-end 
processor providing efficient support for database transactions, 
concurrency control, and recovery.  GEM extends the relational model to 
support the notions of entities with surrogates, the relationships of 
aggregation and generalization, null values, and set-valued attributes, 
and provides simple extensions of QUEL to handle these new constructs.  
In this proposed implementation of GEM, the relational database 
processor IDM 500 by Britton-Lee is used as the back-end machine."}

@inproceedings{Motro84,
	title = "Browsing in a Loosely Structured Database",
	author = "Amihai Motro",
	year = 1984,
	volume = 14,
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the annual meeting of {SIGMOD}",
	organization = "ACM SIGMOD",
	pages = "197--207",
	abstract = "
Current database architectures emphasize structure and are inappropriate 
for applications which model environments that are subject to constant 
evolution, or environments which do not lend themselves to massive 
classifications.  In this paper, we describe an architecture which 
promotes databases that are only loosely structure: heaps of facts 
instead of highly structured data.  This architecture avoids the 
traditional dichotomy between ``schema'' and ``data,'' and it 
incorporates a single mechanism for defining both inference rules and 
integrity constraints.  As lack of organization will usually have adverse 
effect on retrieval, the principal retrieval method for loosely 
structured databases is browsing:  exploratory searching which does not 
assume any knowledge of the organization (or even existence of 
organization).  Two styles of browsing, called navigation and probing, 
are defined.  Both are derived from a standard query language based on 
predicate logic."}

@article{Ramshaw87,
	title = "An Intelligent Retrieval and Presentation System for
			Management Information",
	author = "H Ramshaw and A P Steward and D Stoves",
	pages = "485--486",
	journal = "The Computer Journal",
	volume = 30,
	number = 6,
	year = 1987,
	abstract = "
A prototype for a system for free format access to management 
information has been developed jointly by British Gas and Sunderland 
Polytechnic.  The design criteria and operational results are 
described."}

@inproceedings{Chen86,
	title = "A Rule-based Object/Task Modeling Approach",
	author = "Qiming Chen",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "281--292",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the annual meeting of {SIGMOD}",
	organization = "ACM SIGMOD",
	month = "June",
	volume = 15,
	number = 2,
	abstract = "
A rule-based object/task modeling approach is proposed which is 
characterized by specifying object behaviors and domain rules in terms 
of object-oriented logic programming, and specifying tasks and 
meta-rules in terms of network-oriented formalism.  In addition the 
concepts of associations, virtual objects, multiple level integrity 
control and net expressions are introduced.  The object-oriented logic 
programming system is extended for supporting the semantic modeling; 
and an explicit control knowledge representation mechanism is developed.  
This approach may be viewed as a step to the integration of 
object-oriented programming, logic programming, semantic modeling and 
event modeling, and to the combination of forward chaining and backward 
chaining techniques.  Therefore it can provide complementary benefits in 
deductive query support, integrity control, explicit control knowledge 
representation and intelligent user interface, and enhance the 
flexibility and extendibility of knowledge based systems to accommodate 
applications in multiple domains, towards a generalized, rule-base 
management of data, action and operational schemes.  This approach is 
being designed and partially implemented on top of System G on a VAX 
computer."}

@article{Salton86,
	title = "Another look at automatic text-retrieval systems",
	author = "Gerard Salton",
	volume = 29,
	number = 7,
	month = "July",
	year = 1986,
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	pages = "648--656"}

@article{Quint88,
	title = "Descriptor Searching on Abstracted Databases: Free-Text
		in {Philadelphia}",
	author = "Barbara Quint",
	journal = "Database Searcher",
	volume = 4,
	number = 4,
	month = "April",
	year = 1988,
	LC = "QA/76.9/D3/D2957"}

@article{Brown88,
	title = "Converting Help Systems to Hypertext",
	author = "P J Brown and M T Russell",
	journal = "Software--Practice and Experience",
	volume = 18, number = 2,
	month = "February", year = 1988,
	pages = "163--165",
	abstract = "
Hypertext systems have great potential for displaying help information.
There is, however, a problem in moving over smoothly to a hypertext 
system without having to throw away existing help-scripts.  This note
describes an exercise in achieving this smooth transfer."}


@article{Zhou88,
	title = "Object Management in Local Distributed Systems",
	author = "Songnian Zhou and Roberto Zicari",
	journal = "The Journal of Systems and Software",
	volume = 8, number = 4,
	month = "September", year = 1988,
	pages = "283--295",
	LC = "QA/76.5/J74",
	abstract = "
Resource management is a central issue in operating systems 
design; it is even more critical in distributed systems because 
of the physical distribution of the resources and thus the 
natural redundancy and the possibility of partial failures.  In 
this paper, we study resource management and sharing problems in 
distributed systems.  We survey the existing distributed systems 
and present a taxonomy of resource management.  We then propose a 
new approach to resource management, which we call global object 
management.  A logically centralized systemwide manager acts as a 
coordinator between different parts of the system and is 
responsible for managing the top-level, shareable resources in the 
distributed environment and making them available to the users.  
We argue that this approach greatly enhances system resource 
sharing by combining the semantic simplicity of centralized 
management with the reliability and availability of distributed 
management, and offers a number of advantages over the existing 
techniques."}


@article{Desai88,
	title = "Composite Index in DDBMS",
	author = "B C Desai and P Goyal and F Sadri",
	journal = "The Journal of Systems and Software",
	volume = 8, number = 2,
	month = "March", year = 1988,
	pages = "105--120",
	LC = "QA/76.5/J74",
	abstract = "
To provide fast response in a relational data base management 
system (DBMS), the data base administrator (DBA) implements a set 
of access methods in the form of indexes.  In this paper we 
propose composite B+-tree indexes that are based on the B+ tree.  
Composite B+-tree indexes facilitate enforcing constraints, such 
as referential integrity rules, and enhance performing joins in a 
relational data base environment.  We also study the performance 
of the composite B+ trees in a distributed data base systems.  
The index itself can be centralized, distributed (as disjoint 
segments), or fragmented (as non-disjoint segments).  We derive 
cost expressions for query processing for these index placement 
strategies, and present the results of simulation to compare the 
total cost of performing join operations with that of the 
semi-join technique."}

@article{Faloutsos85,
	title = "Access Methods for Text",
	author = "Christos Faloutsos",
	journal = "Computing Surveys",
	volume = 17, number = 1,
	month = "March", year = 1985,
	pages = "49--74",
	LC = "QA/76.5/C617",
	abstract = "
This paper compares text retrieval methods intended for office 
systems.  The operational requirements of the office environment 
are discussed, and retrieval methods from database systems and 
from information retrieval systems are examined.  We classify 
these methods and examine the most interesting representatives of 
each class.  Attempts to speed up retrieval with special purpose 
hardware are also presented, and issues such as approximate 
string matching and compression are discussed.  A qualitative 
comparison of the examined methods is presented.  The signature 
file method is discussed in more detail."}

@article{Radko87,
	title = "A Hierarchical Structure for Modeling of 
			Relational Tables",
	author = "Yu N Rad'ko",
	journal = "Programmirovanie",
	volume = 13, number = 1, 
	pages = "74--80",
	month = "January--February",
	year = 1987,
	LC = "QA/76/P695",
	abstract = "
We describe an approach to modeling the domains of relations by a 
hierarchical data model, which preserves the converse tuples.  
The efficiency of the model is estimated."}

@article{Stanfill86,
	title = "Parallel free-text search on the {Connection 
			Machine} system",
	author = "Craig Stanfill and Brewster Kahle",
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	volume = 29, number = 12,
	month = "December", year = 1986,
	pages = "1229--1239",
	abstract = "
A new implementation of free-text search using a new parallel 
computer--the Connection Machine---makes possible the application 
of exhaustive methods not previously feasible for large 
databases."}

@book{Date81,
	title = "An Introduction to Database Systems",
	author = "C J Date",
	year = 1981,
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley"}

@book{Salton83,
	title = "Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval",
	author = "G Salton and M J McGill",
	year = 1983,
	publisher = "McGraw-Hill"}

@book{Lancaster79,
	title = "Information Retrieval Systems: Characteristics,
			Testing, and Evaluation",
	edition = 2,
	year = 1979,
	author = "F W Lancaster",
	publisher = "Wiley"}

@techreport{Preece80,
	title = "An Online Associative Query Modification Methodology",
	author = "S E Preece",
	year = "1980",
	institution = "University of Illinois, Urbana",
	pages = "375--382",
	month = "December",
	volume = 4,
	number = 4}



@article{Marchionini88,
	title = "Finding Facts vs. Browsing Knowledge in 
		Hypertext Systems",
	author = "Gary Marchionini and Ben Schneiderman",
	journal = "IEEE Computer",
	volume = 21, number = 1,
	month = "January", year = 1988,
	LC = "QA/76/I52",
	abstract = "
For hypertext and electronic information systems to be effective, 
designers must understand how users find specific facts, locate 
fragments of text that satisfy information queries, or just 
browse.  Users' information retrieval depends on the cognitive 
representation (mental model) of a system's features, which is 
largely determined by the conceptual model designers provide 
through the human--computer interface.  Other determinants of 
successful retrieval include the users' knowledge of the task 
domain, information--seeking experience, and physical setting.  
In this article, we present a user-centered framework for 
information--seeking that has been used in evaluating two 
hypertext systems.  We then apply the framework to key design 
issues related to information retrieval in hypertext systems."}

@book{Schmidt83,
	editor = "Joachim W. Schmidt and Michael L. Brodie",
	title = "Relational Database Systems",
	year = 1983, 
	publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
	address = "Berlin"}


@inproceedings{Tsuchiya88b,
	key = "Tsuchiya 88b",
	author = "Paul F. Tsuchiya",
	title = "The {Landmark Hierarchy:} A New Hierarchy for Routing
		in Very Large Networks",
	booktitle = "Proceedings {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 1988",
	year = 1988,
	abstract = "Landmark Routing is a set of algorithms
	for routing in communications networks of arbitrary size.
	Landmark Routing is based on a new type of hierarchy, the
	Landmark Hierarchy.  The Landmark Hierarchy exhibits path
	lengths and routing table sizes similar to those found in the
	traditional area or cluster hierarchy.  The Landmark Hierarchy
	however, is easier to dynamically configure using a distributed
	algorithm.  It can therefore be used as the basis for algorithms
	that dynamically configure the hierarchy, thus allowing for
	very large, dynamic networks.  This paper describes the
	Landmark Hierarchy, analyzes it, and compares it with the
	area hierarchy."}



@techreport{Tsuchiya88,
	key = "Tsuchiya 88",
	author = "Paul F. Tsuchiya",
	title = "Landmark Routing: Architecture, Algorithms, and Issues",
	institution = "The {Mitre Corporation}",
	year = 1988,
	number = "MTR-87W00174",
	month = "May",
	abstract = "This paper is the second in a series of
papers that document the research, development, specification,
implementation, and deployment of a new routing technique called
Landmark Routing. Landmark Routing is a diestirbuted and adaptive
hierarchical routing protocol for use in networks and internets
of any size. Its primary features are that it is robust and
survivable in the face of rapid topological changes, that it is easy
to administer, and that it provides full name-based addressing. 
The reason for these advantages is that Landmark Routing
dynamically establishes its own hierarchy and modifies it as the
network undergoes changes.  This paper gives a medium to
high-level design of all of the components of Landmark
Routing---the routing algorithms, the hierarchy maintenance
algorithms, the administrative zones, and the name-to-address
binding algorithms.  This paper also discusses ancillary issues
such as transition from existing routing schemes and
implementation design decisions.  The paper concludes that
Landmark Routing is a workable solution to a host of large
network routing problems."} 



@techreport{Tsuchiya87,
	key = "Tsuchiya 87",
	author = "Paul F. Tsuchiya",
	title = "Landmark Routing: Description and Analysis",
	institution = "The Mitre Corporation",
	year = 1987,
	number = "MTR-87W00152",
	month = "June",
	abstract = "Hierarchical routing structures are needed to 
reduce the amount of routing information stored and exchanged by 
switching nodes in large networks (data or voice).  Only one 
hierarchical structure, the area hierarchy, has been available to 
network designers.  This has resulted in a limited set of design 
alternatives.  In particular, the area hierarchy is known to have 
some poor survivability characteristics.  This paper introduces 
a new hierarchical structure, the Landmark Hierarchy.  Analysis 
and simulation of the Landmark Hierarchy in its static state show 
that it is a viable alternative to the area hierarchy for large 
network routing.  Further work is needed to determine the 
survivability characteristics of the Landmark Hierarchy in a 
dynamic network environment."}



@misc{ISO8473,
	key = "ISO 8473",
	title = "{ISO International Standard 8473 ---
		Information Processing Systems --- Data 
		Communications --- Protocol for Providing the Connectionless 
		Network Service}",
	year = 1985}



@misc{ISO9542,
	key = "ISO 9542",
	title = "{ISO International Standard 9542 --- Information Processing 
		Systems --- Telecommunications and Information Exchange 
Between 
		Systems --- End System to Intermediate System Routing 
Exchange 
		Protocol for Use in Conjunction with the Protocol for Providing 
		the Connectionless-mode Network Service (ISO 8473)}",
	year = 1988}

@misc{ISO8648,
	key = "ISO 8648",
	title = "{ISO International Standard 8648 --- Information Processing
		Systems --- Telecommunications and Information Exchange 
between
		Systems --- Internal Organization of the Network Layer}"}

@misc{ISO7498,
	key = "ISO 7498",
	title = "{Information Processing Systems --- Open Systems 
		Interconnection --- Basic Reference Model}"}


@article{Bell86,
	key = "Bell and Jabbour 86",
	author = "Paul R. Bell and Kamal Jabbour",
	title = "Review of {Point-to-Point} Network Routing Algorithms",
	journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
	year = 1986,
	month = "January",
	volume = 24,
	number = 1,
	page = "34--38"}



@article{Sloman85,
	key = "Sloman and Andriopoulos 85",
	author = "M. S. Sloman and X. Andriopoulos",
	title = "A Routing Algorithm for Interconnected Local Area Networks",
	journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
	year = 1985,
	volume = 9,
	pages = "109--130"}



@article{Perlman85,
	key = "Perlman 85",
	author = "Radia Perlman",
	title = "Hierarchical Networks and the Subnetwork Partition Problem",
	year = 1985,
	journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
	volume = 9,
	pages = "297--303"}

@article{Perlman83,
	key = "Perlman 83",
	author = "Radia Perlman",
	title = "{Fault-Tolerant} Broadcast of Routing Information",
	journal = "Computer Networks",
	month = "December",
	year = 1983}


@article{Topkis88,
	key = "Topkis 88",
	author = "Donald M Topkis",
	title = "A {\em k} Shortest Path Algorithm for Adaptive 
		Routing in Communications Networks",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
	volume = 36,
	number = 7,
	year = 1988,
	month = "July",
	pages = "855--859"}



@article{Chan87,
	key = "Chan and Yum 87",
	author = "Cheung-Wing Chan and Tak-Shing P Yum",
	title = "An Algorithm for Detecting and Resolving 
		Store-and-Forward Deadlocks in Packet Switched Networks",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
	volume = 35,
	number = 8,
	year = 1987,
	month = "August"}



@misc{ISIS87,
	key = "ISIS 1987",
	title = "{Accredited Standards Committee X3S3.3---Information 
		Processing Systems---Data 
		Communications---Intermediate System to Intermediate 
System 
		Intra-Domain Routing Exchange Protocol}",
	month = "November",
	year = "1987",
	note = "X3S3.3/87-150R"}



@misc{Framework,
	key = "Framework 1988",
	title = "{Proposed Draft Technical Report---OSI Routing Framework}",
	month = "November",
	year = "1988",
	note = "ISO TC97/SC6/N4616"}
	


	
@article{Shoch78,
	key = "Schoch 78",
	author = "John F Shoch",
	title = "Inter-Network Naming, Addressing, and Routing",
	journal = "Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Computer Society
	International Conference",
	pages = "72--79",
	month = "September",
	year = "1978",
	abstract = "Contains an excellent information description 
of names, addresses, and routes.  The name is what we seek, the
address is where it is, and the route is how to get there."}



@article{Robertazzi86,
	key = "Tobertazzi and Sarashik 86",
	author = "T. G. Robertazzi and P. E. Sarachik",
	title = "Self-Organizing Communication Networks",
	journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
	year = 1986,
	volume = 24,
	number = 1,
	pages = "28--33",
	month = "January"}



@article{Narasimhan88,
	key = "Narasimhan 88",
	author = "Sridhar Narasimhan and Hasan Pirkul and Prabuddha De",
	title = "Route Selection in Backbone Data Communication Networks",
	journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
	volume = 15,
	pages = "121--133",
	year = 1988}



@inproceedings{Hammond87,
	key = "Hammond and Spragins 87",
	author = "J. L. Hammond and J. D. Spragins",
	title = "Rapidly Reconfiguring Computer Communication 
		Networks---Definition and Major Issues",
	year = 1987,
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE International 
		Conference on Communications"}



@inproceedings{Garcia87,
	key = "Garcia--Luna--Aceves 87",
	author = "J. Joaquin Garcia--Luna--Aceves",
	title = "A New Minimum-Hop Routing Algorithm",
	year = 1987,
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE International 
		Conference on Communications"}



@book{Tanenbaum88,
	key = "Tanenbaum 88",
	author = "Andrew S Tanenbaum",
	title = "Computer Networks", 
	publisher = "Prentice Hall",
	year = 1988,
	edition = "second",
	address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
	LC = "TK5105.5 T36 1988"}


	
@article{Peterson88,
	author = "Larry L Peterson",
	title = "The {Profile} Naming Service",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Computer Systems",
	pages = "341--364",
	month = "November",
	year = 1988,
	volume = 6,
	number = 4}



@misc{Oran88,
	key = "Oran88",
	note = "Personal conversation with David Oran, November, 1988."}


@inproceedings{Garcia88b,
	author = "H. Garcia-Molina and B. Kogan and N. Lynch",
	title = "Reliable Broadcast in Networks with Nonprogrammable 
Servers",
	pages = "428--438",
	booktitle = "Proc. 8th Intl. Conf. on Distributed Computing Systems",
	month = "June",
	year = "1988",
	abstract = "The problem of implementing reliable broadcast in ARPA-
like
computer networks is studied.  The environment is characterized by the 
absence 
of any multicast facility on the communications subnetwork level.  Thus, 
broadcast protocol has to be implemented directly on hosts. A reliable 
broadcast protocol is presented and evaluated by several important 
performance criteria."}

@inproceedings{Jain88,
	Title = "Specification and Verification of Collision-Free Broadcast 
			Networks ",
	author = "P. Jain and S.S. Lam",
	booktitle = "Proceedings ACM SIGCOMM '88",
	month = "August",
	organization = "ACM SIGCOMM",
	year = "1988",
	pages = "282--291"}


@article{Kleinrock77,
	title = "Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks: Performance
			Evaluation and Optimization",
	author = "L. Kleinrock and F. Kamoun",
	journal = "Computer Networks",
	volume = 1,
	year = 1977,
	page = "155--174"}

@article{McQuillan80,
	title = "The New Routing Algorithm for the {ARPANET}",
	author = "J. McQuillan",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
	month = "May",
	year = 1980}

@techreport{Callon87,
	title = "A Comparison of ``{Link State}'' 
		and ``{Distance Vector}'' Routing Algorithms",
	month = "November",
	year = "1987",
	author = "Ross Callon",
	institution = "SRI-NIC",
	number = "IDEA 0002-00"}

@techreport{Xerox89,
	title = "Analyst: {An} Integrated Hypermedia System",
	month = "May",
	year = "1989",
	author = "{Xerox Corporation}",
	institution = "Xerox Special Information Systems Visa Laboratory",
	address = "250 North Halstead, Pasadena, CA"}

@article{Faloutsos87,
	title = "Optimal Signature Extraction and Information Loss",
	month = "September", year = 1987,
	volume = 12, number = 3, pages = "395--428",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	author = "Christos Faloutsos and Stavros Christodoulakis"}

@inproceedings{Kent88,
	title = "A Superimposed Coding Scheme Based on Multiple Block
		Descriptor Files for Indexing Very Large Databases",
	author = "A Kent and R Sacks-Davis and K Ramamohanarao",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference 
		on Very Large Data Bases",
	editor = "Francois Bancilhon and David J DeWitt",
	publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
	month = "September", year = 1988, pages = "351--359"}

@article{Wong87,
	author = "S K M Wong and W Ziarko and V V Raghavan and P C N Wong",
	title = "On Modeling of Information Retrieval Concepts in Vector 
		Spaces",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	volume = 12, number = 2, month = "June", year = 1987,
	pages = "299--321"}

INFORMATION CENTERS
-------------------

@ARTICLE{BVW85,
	author = "Brancheau, J.C. and Vogel, D. and Wetherbe, J.C.",
	title = "An Investigation of the Information Center from the User's
		Perspective", 
	journal = "Data Base",
	month = "Fall",
	year = 1985, 
	pages = "4-17"}

@ARTICLE{HVKN88,
	author = "Heltne, M. and Vinze, A.S. and Konsynski, B.R. and
		Nunamaker, J.F.", 
	title = "ICE: Information Center Expert A Consultation System for
		Resource Allocation",
	journal = "Database",
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "1-16"}

@ARTICLE{NKCVCH88,
	author = "Nunamaker, J.F. and Konsynski, B.R. and Chen, M. and
		Vinze, A. and Chen, Y.I.L. and Heltne M.", 
	title = "Knowledge-Based Systems Support for Information Centers",
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
	volume = 5,
	number = 1, 
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1988, 
	pages = "6-24"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{RNLCH89,
	author = "Ram, S. and Nunamaker, J. and Liou, I. and Carlson, D.
		and Hayne, S.",
	title = "Using Group Decision Support Systems for Knowledge
		Acquisition: An Information Center Application", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on
		Decision Support Systems",
	month = "June",
	year = 1989,
	pages = "87-102"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{RHC89,
	author = "Ram, S. and Hayne, S. and Carlson, D.",
	title = "An Expert System for Information Centers",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on
		Information Systems", 
	month = "December",
	year = 1989}

@PHDTHESIS{Vinze88,
	author = "Vinze, A.",
	title = "Knowledge based Support for Software Selection in
 		Information Centers: Design Criteria, Development Issues,
		and Empirical Evaluation",
	school = "Department of MIS, University of Arizona", 
	address = "Tucson, AZ",
	year = 1988}


SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
--------------------

@ARTICLE{Boehm76,
	author = "Boehm, B.W.",
	title = "Software Engineering", 
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", 
	month = "December",
	year = 1976, 
	pages = "1226-1241"}

@ARTICLE{BGS84,
	author = "Boehm, B.W. and Gray, T. and Seewaldt, T.",
	title = "Prototyping vs. Specifying: A Multi-Project Experiment", 
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
	month = "December",
	year = 1984, 
	pages = "473-484"} 

@ARTICLE{GA87,
	author = "Goodman, G.O. and Abel, M.J.", 
	title = "Communication and Collaboration: Facilitating Cooperative
		Work Through Communication", 
	journal = "Office: Technology and People",
	volume = 3,
	number = 2,
	year = 1987, 
	pages = "129-145"}

@BOOK{Jackson83,
	author = "Jackson, M.", 
	title = "System Development", 
	publisher = "Prentice Hall International",
	address = "Reading", 
	year = 1983}

@BOOK{Lantz84,
	author = "Kenneth E. Lantz", 
	title = "The prototyping approach",
	publisher = "Prentice Hall, New York, NY",
	year = 1984}

@ARTICLE{Langefors63,
	author = "Langefors, B.",
	title = "Some Approaches to the Theory of Information Systems", 
	journal = "BIT", 
	year = 1963, 
	pages = "229-254"}

@ARTICLE{Langefors77,
	author = "Langefors, B.",
	title = "Information Systems Theory", 
	journal = "Information Systems", 
	volume = 2,
	year = 1977, 
	pages = "207-219"}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMBSP,
	author = "IBM",
	title = "Business System Planning: Information Sysem Planning
		Guide",
	note = "Publication Number GE20-057-1", 
	year = 1975}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMESE,
	author = "IBM",
	title = "Expert System Development/Consultation Environment/VM",
	note = "Reference Manual, Program Number 5798-RWQ",
	year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMPROFS,
	author = "IBM",
	title = "Professional Office System", 
	note = "Reference Manual, Program Number 5848-439",
	year = 1986}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMSQL,
	author = "IBM",
	title = "SQL/DS Database Management System",
	note = "Reference Manual, Program Number 5998-RXQ",
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{Peterson77,
	author = "Peterson, J.", 
	title = "Petri Nets", 
	journal = "ACM Computing Surveys", 
	volume = 9,
	number = 3,
	month = "September",
	year = 1977, 
	pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{WMTDCP87,
	author = "Whitescarver, J. and Mukherji, P. and Turoff, M. and
		Deblock, R. and Czech, R.M. and Paul, B.K.",
	title = "A Network Environment for Computer-Supported Collaborative
		Work", 
	journal = "Computer Communications Review",
	volume = 17,
	number = 5,
	year = 1987, 
	pages = "260-272"}




GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 
------------------------------

@UNPUBLISHED{AJB87,
	author = "Anson, R. and Jelassi, M.T. and Bostrom, R.",
 	title = "Negotiation Support Systems:Computer Support of the Mediated 
		Conflict Resolution", 
	note = "Institute for Research on the Management of Information 
		Systems Working Papers W712, Indiana University",
	year = 1987}

@PHDTHESIS{Applegate86,
	author = "Applegate, L.",
	title = "Idea Management in Organization Planning",
	note = "Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation",
	school = "University of Arizona",
	year = 1986}

@INPROCEEDINGS{AKN86,
	author = " Applegate, L.M. and Konsynski, B.R. and Nunamaker, J.F.",
	title = "A Group Decision Support System for Idea Generation and 
		Issue Analysis in Organizational Planning", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported 
		Cooperative Work", 
	year = 1986, 
	pages = "16-34"}

@ARTICLE{BDT86,
	author = "Benbasat, I. and Dexter, A.S. and Todd, P.",
	title = "An Experimental Program Investigating Color-Enhanced and 
	Graphical Information Presentation: An Integration of the Findings", 
	journal = "Communications of the ACM", 
	volume = 29,
	number = 11,
	month = "November",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "1094"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{BJ84, 
	author = "Bui, T. and Jarke, M. ",
	title = " A DSS for Cooperative Multiple Criterion Group Decision 
		Making", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ICIS Conference", 
	year = 1984, 
	pages = "101-113"}

@ARTICLE{BJ86, 
	author = "Bui, T. and Jarke, M. ",
	title = "Communication Requirements for Group Decision Support
		Systems",
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems", 
	month = "Spring",
	year = 1986, 
	pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{CB88,
	author = "Conklin J. and Begeman M.L.",
	title = "gIBIS: A Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy Discussion", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
	moth = "October",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "140-152"} 

@ARTICLE{CJV90,
	author = "Connolly, T. and Jessup, L.M. and Valacich, J.S.",
	title = "Effects of Anonymity and Evaluative Tone on Idea
		Generation in Computer-Mediated Groups",
	journal = "Management Science (forthcoming)",
	year = 1990}

@ARTICLE{DL86,
	author = "Daft, R.L. and Lengel, R.H.",
	title = "Organizational Information Requirements, Media
		Richness and Structural Design", 
	journal = "Management Science", 
	volume = 32,
	number = 5,
	month = "May",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "554-571"} 

@ARTICLE{Data,
	key = "Data",
	journal = "Datamation", 
	author = " ",
	title = "Hardware: Offline", 
	Volume = 32, 
	Number = 10, 
	month = "May 15",
	year = 1986, 
	pages = "109"}

@ARTICLE{DGJNV88,
	author = " Dennis, A.R. and George, J.F. and Jessup, L. and 
		Nunamaker, J.F. and Vogel, D.",
	title = "Information Technology to Support Electronic Meetings", 
	journal = "MIS Quarterly",
	volume = 12,
	number = 4,
	year = 1988,
	pages = "591-694"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{DGN88,
	author = " Dennis, A.R. and George, J.F. and Nunamaker, J.F. ",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: The Story Thus Far", 
	note = "Working Paper Series, University of Arizona", 
	year = 1988} 

@ARTICLE{DHNV90,
	author = "Dennis, A.R. and Heminger, A.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. and
		Vogel, D.", 
	title = "Bringing Automated Support to Large Groups: The
		{Burr-Brown} Experience",
	journal = "Information and Management",
	year = 1990,
	note = "Forthcoming",
	pages = ""} 

@ARTICLE{DVN90,
	author = "Dennis, A.R. and Valacich, J.S. and Nunamaker, J.F.",
	title = "An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Group
		Size in an Electronic Meeting Environment",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
	year = 1990,
	note = "forthcoming"}

@UNPUBLISHED{DD87,
	author = "DeSanctis, G. and Dickson, G.W.",
	title = "{GDSS} Software: A `Shell' System in Support of a 
		Program of Research",
	note = "submitted to the Twentieth Annual Hawaii International 
		Conference on System Sciences", 
	year = 1987} 

@ARTICLE{DG87,
	author = "DeSanctis, G. and Gallupe, B.R. ",
	title = "A Foundation for the Study of Group Decision Support 
		Systems", 
	journal = "Management Science", 
	Volume = 33, 
	Number = 5, 
	month = "May ", 
	year = 1987, 
	pages = "589-609"} 

@ARTICLE{DG85,
	author = "DeSanctis, G. and Gallupe, B.R. ",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: A New Frontier", 
	journal = "Data Base", 
	month = "Winter ",
	year = 1985, 
	pages = "3-10"} 

@ARTICLE{DS87,
	author = "Diehl, M. and Strobe, W.", 
	title = "Productivity Loss in Brainstorming Groups: Toward the
		Solution of a Riddle",
	journal = "Journal of Personal and Social Psychology", 
	volume = 53,
	number = 3,
	year = 1987, 
	pages = "497-509"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{EGNP89,
	author = "Easton, G. and George, J.F. and Nunamaker, J.F. and
		Pendergast, M.O." ,
	title = "Using Two Different Electronic Meeting System Tools for
		the Same Task: An Experimental Comparison",
	note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona, MIS Dept.", 
	year = 1989}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ennis86,
	author = "Ennis, G.", 
	title = "{PC} Network Service for Distributed System Design",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE CompCon", 
	month = "Spring",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "155-160"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gray81,
	author = "Gray, P.", 
	title = "The SMU Decision Room Project",
	booktitle = "Transactions of the First International Conference on 
	Decision Support Systems", 
	month = "June",
	year = 1981,
	pages = "122-129"}

@BOOK{Gray86,
	author = "Gray, P.",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems", 
	booktitle = "Decision Support Systems: A Decade in Perspective", 
	publisher = "E. R. McLean, H. G. Sol (editors), 
		Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.: North Holland",
	year = 1986}

@UNPUBLISHED{GDD87, 
	author = "Gallupe, B.R. and DeSanctis, G. and Dickson, G.W. ",
	title = "The Impact of Computer-Based Support on the Process and 
		Outcomes of Group Decision Making", 
	note = "Working Paper Series, University of Minnesota", 
	year = 1987} 

@UNPUBLISHED{GGN88,
	author = "George, J.F. and Gridley, K. and Nunamaker, J.F." ,
	title = "Individual versus Group Task Performance in a Group 
		Decision Support System Environment:Report on a Pilot 
		Study", 
	note = "submitted to the 21st Annual Hawaii International Conference 
		on System Sciences", 
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{GR86,
	author = "Guimaraes, T. and Ramanujam, V.", 
	title = "Personal Computing Trends and Problems: An Empirical
		Study",
	journal = "MIS Quarterly", 
	volume = 10,
	number = 2, 
	year = 1986,
	pages = "179-185"}

@ARTICLE{HJT86,
	author = "Hiltz, S.R. and Johnson, K. and Turoff, M." ,
	title = "Experiments in Group Decision Making: Communication 
		Process and Outcome in Face-to-Face Versus Computerized 
		Conferences", 
	journal = "Human Communication Research", 
	Volume = 13, 
	Number = 2,
	month = " Winter", 
	year = 1986, 
	pages = "225-252"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Huber82,
	author = "Huber, G.P.",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems as Aids in the Use of 
		Structured Group Management Techniques", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Decision Support System 1982 
		Conference", 
	year = 1982, 
	pages = "96-108"} 

@ARTICLE{Huber84,
	author = "Huber, G.P.",
	title = "Issues in the Design of Group Decision Support Systems", 
	journal = "MIS Quarterly", 
	month = "September", 
	year = 1984, 
	pages = "195-204"} 

@ARTICLE{Isenburg84,
	author = "Isenberg, D.", 
	title = "How Senior Managers Think",
	journal = "Harvard Business Review", 
	month = "November",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "80-91"} 

@ARTICLE{JRH88,
	author = "Jarvenpaa, S.L. and Rao, V.S. and Huber, G.P.",
	title = "Computer Support for Meetings of Groups Working on
		Unstructured Problems: A Field Experiment",
	journal = "MIS Quarterly", 
	volume = 12,
	number = 4,
	month = "December",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "645-666"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{Jessup87, 
	author = "Jessup, L.M.",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: A Need for Behavioral 
		Research", 
	note = "presented to the R and D / Technology /Innovation Interest 
		Group of The Academy of Management",
	year = 1987} 

@ARTICLE{KH81,
	author = "Kahneman, D. and Henik, A.",
	title = "Perceptual organization and attention", 
	journal = "Perceptual Organization", 
	year = 1981, 
	pages = "181-211"} 

@ARTICLE{KK83,
	author = "Kotteman, J. and Konsynski, B.",
	title = "Information Systems Planning and Development: Strategic 
		Postures and Methodologies", 
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems", 
	volume = 8,
	number = 3,
	year = 1983,
	pages = "195"} 

@ARTICLE{KD82,
	author = "Konsynski, B. and Dolk, D.",
	title = "Knowledge Abstractions in Model Management", 
	journal = "DSS-82 Transactions",
	year = 1982} 

@ARTICLE{KKNS84,
	author = "Konsynski, B. and Kotteman, J. and Nunamaker, J. 
		and Stott, J.",
	title = "Plexsys-84: An Integrated Development Environment for
		Information Systems", 
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
	volume = 1,
	number = 3, 
	year = 1984} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{KK86,
	author = "Kraemer, K.L. and King, J.L.",
	title = "Computer-Based Systems for Cooperative Work and Group 
		Decision Making: Status of Use and Problems in Development", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 
		Conference", 
	year = 1986, 
	pages = "353-375"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{Kraut86,
	author = "Kraut, R. and Galegher, J. and Egido, C.",
	title = "Relationships and Tasks in Scientific Research 
		Collaborations", 
	note = "presented to the MCC Conference on Computer-Supported 
		Cooperative Work", 
	month = "December", 
	year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{LT73, 
	author = "Lamm, H. and Trommsdorff, G.",
	title = "Groups Versus Individual Performance on Tasks Requiring
		Ideational Proficiency (Brainstorming)",
	journal = "European Journal of Social Psychology", 
	volume = 3, 
	year = 1973,
	pages = "361-387"}

@ARTICLE{Lewis87, 
	author = "Lewis, L.F.",
	title = "A Decision Support System for Face-to-Face Groups", 
	journal = "Journal of Information Science", 
	Volume = 13, 
	year = 1987,
	 pages = "211-219"}

@ARTICLE{LV78, 
	author = "Licklider, J.C.R. and Vezza, A.",
	title = "Applications of Information Networks", 
	journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE", 
	volume = 66, 
	number = 11,
	year = 1978,
	 pages = "1330-1346"}

@ARTICLE{LS55,
	author = "Lorge, I. and Solomon, H.",
	title ="Groups and Individual Performance in Problem Solving 
		Related to Previous Exposure to Problem, Level of Aspiration 
		and Group Size", 
	journal = "Behavioral Science", 
	Volume = 5, 
	Number = 1, 
	month = "January", 
	year = 1955, 
	pages = "28-38"}

@BOOK{McGrath84,
	author = "McGrath, J.E.",
	title = "Groups: Interaction and Performance",
	publisher = "Prentice-Hall",
	address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
	year = 1984}

@PHDTHESIS{Martz88,
	author = "Martz, B.",
	title = "Information Systems Infrastructure for Manufacturing
		Planning Systems", 
	school = "University of Arizona",
	year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{MNV87,
	author = "Martz, B. and Nunamaker, J.F. and Vogel, D.R.",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: An Engineering Management 
		Perspective", 
	note = "submitted to IEEE Transactions of Engineering", 
	year = 1987} 

@ARTICLE{MKN87,
	author = "McIntyre, S. and Konsynski, B. and Nunamaker, J.",
	title = "Automated Planning Environments: Knowledge Integration 
		and Model Scripting", 
	journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems", 
	year = 1987} 

@ARTICLE{NAK87,
	author = "Nunamaker, J.F. and Applegate, L.M. and Konsynski, B.R.",
	title = "Facilitating Group Creativity: Experience with a Group 
		Decision Support System", 
	journal = " Journal of Management Information Systems", 
	Volume = 3, 
	Number = 4, 
	month = "Spring",
	year = 1987, 
	pages = "5-19"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{NC90, 
	author = "Nunamaker, J.F. and Chen, M.",
	title = "Systems Development in Information Systems Research", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference
		on System Sciences", 
	year = 1990, 
	pages = "631-640"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{NVGD88,
	author = "Nunamaker, J. and Vogel, D. and George, J. and Dennis, A.",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: Evolution and Status", 
	note = "IFIPS Working Group 8.3 Conference on Organizational Decision 
		Support Systems", 
	month = "June",
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{Olson87,
	author = "Olson, M.H.", 
	title = "Computer Supported Cooperative Work", 
	journal = "Office: Technology and People", 
	volume = 3, 
	number = 2, 
	 year = 1987, 
	pages = "77-81"}

@PHDTHESIS{Pendergast89, 
	author = "Pendergast, M.",
	title = "Interprogram Communication for PC/LAN-Based Collaborative
		Applications - PLEXNET: A Session Level Communications
		System",
	note = "Unpublished Dissertation", 
	school = "University of Arizona",
	year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{Pounds69,
	author = "Pounds, W.",
	title = "The Process of Problem Finding",
	journal = "Sloan Management Review", 
	month = "Fall",
	year = 1969, 
	pages = "9"}

@BOOK{RD88,
	author = "Rockart, J. and DeLong, D.", 
	title = "Executive Support Systems: The Emergence of Top Management", 
	booktitle = "Computer Use", 
	publisher = "Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, Illinois", 
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{RF83,
	author = "Rockart, J.F. and Flannery, L.S.",
	title = "The Management of End-User Computing",
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	volume = 26,
	number = 10,
	month = "October",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "776-84"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gray81,
	author = "Gray, P.", 
	title = "The SMU Decision Room Project",
	booktitle = "Transactions of the First International Conference on 
	Decision Support Systems", 
	month = "June",
	year = 1981,
	pages = "122-129"}

@ARTICLE{SG85,
	author = "Sarin, S. and Greif, I.", 
	title ="Computer-Based Real-Time Conferencing Systems", 
	journal = "IEEE Computer", 
	Volume = 18,
	number = 10,
	year = 1985, 
	pages = "33-45"}

@ARTICLE{SDKM86,
	author = "Siegal, J. and Dubrovsky, V. and Kiesler, S. and McGuire, T.",
	title ="Group Processes in Computer Mediated Communication", 
	journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process", 
	Volume = 37, 
	year = 1986, 
	pages = "157-187"} 

@ARTICLE{Slater58,
	author = "Slater, P.E.",
	title ="Contrasting Correlates of Group Size", 
	journal = "Sociometry", 
	Volume = 1, 
	year = 1958, 
	pages = "129-139"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{Smith84,
	author = "Smith, D.C.", 
	title = "Exchanging Data Between Personal Computer Programs",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE CompCon", 
	month = "Spring",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "94-98"}

@PHDTHESIS{Smith90, 
	author = "Smith, C.A.P.", 
	title = "Decision Making Under Time Pressure: The Effects of Time 
		Pressure on Information Search Strategy, Decision Strategy,
		Consistency, and Outcome Quality", 
	note = "Unpublished Dissertation", 
	school = "University of Arizona",
	year = 1990}

@ARTICLE{SB85,
	author = "Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D.G.", 
	title = "Object-Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations", 
	journal = "AI Magazine", 
	month = "Winter",
	volume = 6,
	number = 4,
	year = 1985,
	pages = "40-62"}

@ARTICLE{SFBKLS87,
	author = "Stefik, M. and Foster, G. and Bobrow, D.G. and Kahn, K. and
			 Lanning, S. and Suchman, L.", 
	title = "Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer Support for Collaboration 
		and Problem Solving in Meetings", 
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	month = "January",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "32-48"}

@ARTICLE{Summers87,
	author = "Summers, R.C.", 
	title = "A Resource Sharing System for Personal Computers in a {LAN}:
		Concepts, Design and Experience",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering", 
	volume = 13,
	number = 8,
	year = 1987,
	pages = "895-904"}

@ARTICLE{TH82,
	author = "Turoff, M. and Hiltz, S.R.",
	title = "Computer Support for Group Versus Individual Decisions", 
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications", 
	Volume = "Com-30", 
	Number = 1, 
	month = "January",
	year = 1982,
	 pages = "82-91"} 

@ARTICLE{TK81,
	author = "Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D.",
	title = "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice",
	journal = "Science",
	volume = 211,
	month = "January",
	year = 1981,
	pages = "458-458"}

@PHDTHESIS{Valacich89, 
	author = "Valacich, J.S.",
	title = "Group Size and Proximity Effects on Computer-Mediated Idea 
		Generation: A Laboratory Investigation", 
	note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
	school = "University of Arizona",
	year = 1989}

@UNPUBLISHED{VDGN90,
	author = "Valacich, J.S. and Dennis, A.R. and George, J. 
		and Nunamaker, J.F.",
	title = "Electronic Support for Group Idea-Generation: Shifting the
		Balance of Process Gains and Losses",
	note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona",
	year = 1990} 

@UNPUBLISHED{VGNV90,
	author = "Valacich, J.S. and George, J. and Nunamaker, J.F. and
		Vogel, D.",
	title = "Group Size and Proximity Effects on Computer-Mediated Idea
		Generation", 
	note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona",
	year = 1990} 

@UNPUBLISHED{VDN89,
	author = "Valacich, J.S. and Dennis, A.R. and Nunamaker, J.F.",
	title = "Productivity Gains for Brainstorming Groups: The Effects
		of Computer-Mediation", 
	note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona",
	year = 1989} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vogel88,
	author = "Vogel, D.",
	title = "The Impact of Messy Data on Group Decision Making",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Annual Hawaii International
	 	Conference on System Sciences",
	month = "January",
	year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{VJ88,
	author = "Vogel, D. and Jessup, L.",
	title = "Group Decision Support System Evaluation: Operational
		 Experience", 
	note = "U. of Arizona Working Paper",
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{VNMGM89,
	author = "Vogel, D. and Nunamaker, J.F. and Martz, W.B. and
		Grohowski, R. and McGoff, C.",
	title = "Electronic Meeting System Experience at {IBM}", 
	journal = "Journal of Management",
	month = "Winter",
	year = 1989,
	pages = ""} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{VNAK87,
	author = "Vogel, D.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. and Applegate, L.M. 
		and Konsynski, B.R.",
	title = "Group Decision Support Systems: Determinants of Success", 
	booktitle = "Conference on Decision Support Sciences", 
	year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{VN88a, 
	author = "Vogel, D.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. ",
	title = "Health Service Group Use of Automated Planning Support", 
	journal = "Administrative Radiology",
	month = "September",
	year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{VN88b,
	author = "Vogel, D.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. ",
	title = "Group Decision Support System Impact: Multi-Methodological
		Exploration",
	note = "submitted to Information and Management",
	year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{WN88,
	author = "Wagner, G. and Nagasundaram, M.",
	title = "Meeting Process Augmentation: The Real Substance of {GDSS}", 
	note = "IFIPS Working Group 8.3 Conference on Organizational Decision
		 Support Systems",
	month = "June",
	year = 1988}

@PHDTHESIS{Watson87, 
	author = "Watson, R.",
	title = "The Impact of a Computer System on Individual Behavior and 
		Collective Decision Making in a Group Meeting", 
	note = "Unpublished Dissertation", 
	school = "University of Minnesota",
	year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{Weaver87, 
	author = "Weaver, A.C.", 
	title = "A Real-Time Messaging System for Token Ring Networks", 
	journal = "Software-Practice and Experience",
	volume = 17,
	number = 12,
	year = 1987,
	pages = "885-897"}

@PHDTHESIS{Zigurs87,
	author = " Zigurs, I.",
	title = "The Impact of Task Difficulty on the Use of a Group Decision
		Support System", 
	note = "Unpublished Dissertation", 
	school = "University of Minnesota",
	year = 1987}

@UNPUBLISHED{ZC87,
	author = "Zigurs, I. and Carlson, C.L.",
	title = "Interaction Analysis in {GDSS} Research: Description of an 
		Experience and Some Recommendations", 
	note = "Working Paper Series MISRC-WP-88-04, University of Minnesota", 
	year = 1987} 



EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL CHOICE 
----------------------------------------

@UNPUBLISHED{Andreoni86,
	author = "Andreoni, J.",
	title = "Why Free Ride? Strategies and Learning in Public Goods
		Experiments",
	note = "Mimeo, University of Wisconsin",
	year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{CS63,
	author = "Campbell, D.T. and Stanley, J.C.",
	title = "Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research",
	booktitle = "Handbook of Research on Teaching",
	editor = "N.L. Gage",
	publisher = "Rand McNally",
	address = "Chicago",
	year = 1963}

@ARTICLE{CS86,
	author = "Coursey, D.L. and Smith, V.L.",
	title = "Experimental Tests of an Allocation Mechanism for Private, 
		Public or Externality Goods", 
	journal = "Scandinavian Journal of Economics", 
	Volume = 86, 
	Number = 4, 
	year = 1984, 
	 pages = "468-484"} 

@INCOLLECTION{CI86,
	author = "Cox, J.C. and Isaac, R.M.",
	title = "Incentive Regulation: A Case Study in the Use of 
		Laboratory Experimental Analysis in Economics", 
	booktitle = "Laboratory Market Research", 
	editor = "S. Moriarty",
	publisher = "Center for Economic and Management Research,
		University of Oklahoma",
	address = "Norman, Oklahoma", 
	year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{CRS82,
	author = "Cox, J.C. and Roberson, B. and Smith, V.L.",
	title = "Theory and Behavior of Single Object Auctions",
	booktitle = " Research In Experimental Economics",
	editor = " V.L. Smith", 
	Volume = 2, 
	publisher = "JAI Press",
 	address = " Greenwich, New York", 
	year = 1982} 

@ARTICLE{CSW83,
	author = "Cox, J.C. and Smith, V.L. and Walker, J.M.",
	title = "A Test that Discriminates Between Two Models of the 
		Dutch-First Auction Nonisomorphism", 
	journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization", 
	Volume = 4, 
	year = 1983,
	 pages = "205-219"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{DF85,
	author = "Daughtey, A. and Forsythe, R.",
	title = "Regulatory Induced Industrial Organization: A Laboratory 
		Investigation", 
	note = "Business Administration Working Paper \#85-31, University of 
		Iowa College",
	year = 1985}

@UNPUBLISHED{Dorsey88,
	author = "Dorsey, R.",
	title = "The Voluntary Contribution Mechanism with Real Time
		Revisions", 
	note = "Economics Working Discussion Paper \#88-18, University of
		Arizona",
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{FP78,
	author = "Fiorina, M.P. and Plott, C.R.",
	title = "Committee Decisions Under Majority Rule: An Experimental 
		Study", 
	journal = "American Political Science Review", 
	Volume = 72, 
	month = "June",
	year = 1978,
	pages = "575-598"}

@ARTICLE{Friedman69,
	author = "Friedman, J.W.",
	title = "On Experimental Research in Oligopoly", 
	journal = "Review of Economic Studies", 
	Volume = 36, 
	month = "October", 
	year = 1969,
	pages = "339-415"} 

@BOOK{Friedman77,
	author = "Friedman, J.W.",
	title = "Oligopoly and the Theory of Games",
	publisher = "Amsterdam",
	address = "North-Holland",
	year = 1977}

@UNPUBLISHED{Grether81,
	author = "Grether, D.M.",
	title = "Financial Incentives and Individual Decision Making", 
	note = "Social Science Working Paper 401, California Institute 
		of Technology", 
	year = 1981}

@ARTICLE{HP83, 
	author = "Hoffman, E. and Plott, C.R.",
	title = "Pre-Meeting Discussions and the Possibility of 
		Coalition-Breaking Procedures in Majority Rule Committees", 
	journal = "Public Choice", 
	Volume = 40, 
	Number = 1, 
	year = 1983,
	 pages = "21-39"}

@ARTICLE{HP82, 
	author = "Hong, J.T. and Plott, C.R.",
	title = "Rate Filing Policies for Inland Water Transportation", 
	journal = "Bell Journal", 
	Volume = 13, 
	month = "Spring", 
	year = 1982,
	 pages = "1-19"} 

@ARTICLE{IP81,
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Plott, C.R.",
	title = "Price Controls and the Behavior of Auction Markets: An 
		Experimental Examination", 
	journal = "American Economic Review", 
	Volume = 71, 
	year = 1981, 
	pages = "448-459"}

@ARTICLE{IMP80,
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and McCue, K. and Plott, C.R.",
	title = "The Opportunity for Conspiracy in Restraint of Trade",
	journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization",
	month = "March",
	year = 1980, 
	pages = "1-30"}

@ARTICLE{IRW84,
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Ramey, R. and Williams A.W.",
	title = "The Effects of Market Organization of Conspiracies in
		Restraint of Trade",
	journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization",
	month = "June",
	year = 1984, 
	pages = "113-49"}

@ARTICLE{IW84,
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
	title = "Divergent Evidence of Free-Riding: An Experimental
		Examination of Some Possible Explanations",
	journal = "Public Choice",
	volume = 43,
	number = 2,
	year = 1985,
	pages = "139-159"} 

@ARTICLE{IW85,
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
	title = "Information and Conspiracy in Sealed Bid Auctions", 
	journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization", 
	volume = 6, 
	year = 1985,
	pages = "139-159"} 

@UNPUBLISHED{IW87, 
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
	title = "Success and Failure of the Voluntary Contributions Process: 
		 Some Evidence from Experimental Economics", 
	note = "Presented at the Liberty Fund Seminar on the Ethics and 
		Economics of Charity", 
	year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{IW88a, 
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
	title = "Communication and Free Riding Behavior: The Voluntary 
		Contribution Mechanism", 
	journal = "Economic Inquiry",
	volume = 26,
	month = "October",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "1-24"}

@ARTICLE{IW88b,
	author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
	title = "Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: The Voluntary 
		Contribution Mechanism", 
	journal = "Quarterly Journal of Economics",
	note = "forthcoming",	
	year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{JR74,
 	author = "Jerdee, T.H. and Rosen, B.",
	title = "Effects of Opportunity to Communicate and Visibility of 
		Individual Decisions of Behavior in the Common Interest", 
	journal = "Journal of Applied Psychology", 
	Volume = 59, 
	year = 1974,
	 pages = "712-716"} 

@ARTICLE{KL86,
	author = "Kagel, J.H. and Levine, D.",
	title = "The Winners Curse and Public Information in Common Value 
		Auctions", 
	journal = "American Economic Review", 
	Volume = 76, 
	Number = 3,
	year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{KW84,
	author = "Kim, O. and Walker, M.",
	title = "The Free Rider Problem: Experimental Evidence",
	journal = "Public Choice",
	volume = 43,
	number = 1,
	year = 1984,
	pages = "3-24"}

@ARTICLE{KW82,
	author = "Kreps, D.M. and Wilson, R.",
	title = "Reputation and Imperfect Information",
	journal = "Journal of Economic Theory",
	month = "August",
	year = 1982,
	pages = "305-15"}

@ARTICLE{Loomis59,
	author = "Loomis, J.",
	title = "Communication: The Development of Trust and Cooperative 
		Behavior", 
	journal = "Human Relations",
	volume = 12, 
	year = 1959, 
	pages = "305-315"}

@ARTICLE{MA79,
	author = "Marwell, G. and Ames, R.E.",
	title = "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods I: Resources,
		Interest, Group Size, and the Free Rider Problem",
	journal = "American Journal of Sociology",
	volume = 84,
	year = 1979,
	pages = "1335-1336"}

@ARTICLE{MA80,
	author = "Marwell, G. and Ames, R.E.",
	title = "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods II: Provision
		Points, Stakes, Experience and the Free Rider Problem",
	journal = "American Journal of Sociology",
	volume = 85,
	year = 1980,
	pages = "926-937"}

@UNPUBLISHED{McKO87,
	author = "McKelvey, R.D. and Ordshook, P.M. ",
	title = "A Decade of Experimental Research on Spatial Models of 
		Elections and Committees",
	note = "Social Sciences Working Paper 657, 
		California Institute of Technology", 
	month = " October", 
	year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{McKOW78,
	author = "McKelvey, R.D. and Ordeshook, P.C. and Winer, M.",
	title = "The Competitive Solution for N-Person Games Without 
		Transferable Utility, with an Application to Committee Games", 
	journal = "American Political Science Review", 
	Volume = 72, 
	month = "March",
	year = 1978, 
	pages = "599-615"}

@ARTICLE{Plott82, 
	author = "Plott, C.R.",
	title = "Industrial Organization Theory and Experimental Economics", 
	journal = "Journal of Economic Literature", 
	Volume = 20, 
	month = "December", 
	year = 1982, 
	pages = "1485-1527"}

@ARTICLE{PL78,
	author = "Plott, C.R. and Levine, M.E.",
	title = "A Model of Agenda Influence on Committee Decisions", 
	journal = "American Economic Review", 
	Volume = 68, 
	month = "March ",
	year = 1978, 
	pages = "146-160"}


@ARTICLE{Smith62,
	author = "Smith, V.L.",
	title = "An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior",
	journal = "Journal of Political Economy", 
	Volume = 72, 
	month = "December", 
	year = 1962, 
	pages = "111-137"} 

@ARTICLE{Smith80,
	author = "Smith, V.L.",
	title = "Experiments with a Decentralized Mechanism for Public Good 
		Decisions", 
	journal = "American Economic Review", 
	Volume = 70, 
	month = "September",
	year = 1980, 
	pages = "584-599"}

@ARTICLE{Smith82,
	author = "Smith, V.L.",
	title = "Micro Economic Systems as an Experimental Science",
	journal = "American Economic Review", 
	Volume = 72, 
	month = "December", 
	year = 1982, 
	pages = "923-955"}

@ARTICLE{Smith86,
	author = "Smith, V.L.",
	title = "Experimental Methods in the Political Economy of Exchange", 
	journal = "Science", 
	month = "October", 
	year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{Wichman72,
	author = "Wichman, H.",
	title = "Effects of Communication on Cooperation in a 2-Person Game",
	booktitle = "Cooperation and Competition", 
	editor = "L. Wrightsman and J. O'Connor and N. Backer", 
	publisher = "Brooks-Cole", 
	address = "Belmont, California", 
	year = 1972}


DATABASE THEORY AND DESIGN
--------------------------

@ARTICLE{AH87, 
	author = "Abiteboul, S. and Hull, R.",
	title = "IFO: A Formal Semantic Database Model", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	volume = 12,
	number = 4,
	year = 1987,
	pages = "525-565"}

@BOOK{ADD85, 
	author = "Albano, A. and De Antonellis, V. and Di Leva, A.",
	title = "Computer Aided Database Design: The DATAID Project",
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
	year = 1985}

@ARTICLE{AACO86, 
	author = "Albano, A. and Alfo,  S. and Cardelli, L. and Orsini, R.",
	title = "An Overview of SIDEREUS: A Graphical Database Schema 
		Editor for {Galileo}", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	volume = 0,
	number = 0,
	year = 1986,
	pages = "568-571"}

@ARTICLE{ACO85, 
	author = "Albano, A. and Cardelli, L. and Orsini, R.",
	title = "Galileo: A Strongly-Typed Interactive Conceptual Language", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	volume = 10,
	number = 2,
	year = 1985,
	pages = "230-260"}

@ARTICLE{Armstrong74,
	author = "Armstrong, W.W.",
	title = "Dependency structure of database relations.",
	journal = "Information Processing",
	year = 1974,
	pages = "580-583"}

@INCOLLECTION{AC83,
	author = "Atzeni, P. and Carboni, E.", 
	title = "INCOD (A system for interactive conceptual design)
revisited after the implementation of a prototype", 
	booktitle = "Entity-Relationship Approach to Software Engineering",
	editor = "Davis, C.G. and Jajodia, S. and Ng, P.A. and Yeh, R.T.",
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "449-464"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BCPB79,
	author = "Baldissera, C. and Ceri, S. and Palegatti, G. 
		and Bracchi, G.",
	title = "Interactive and formal specification of user's views in
		database design",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
	year = 1979,
	pages = "262-272"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BC85,
	author = "Batini, C. and Ceri, S.", 
	title = "Database Design: Methodologies, Tools and Environments", 
	booktitle = "ACM SIGMOD", 
	year = 1985}

@ARTICLE{BDL84,
	author = "Batini, C. and Demo, B. and Di Leva, A.",
	title = "A Methodology for Conceptual Design of Office Databases",
	journal = "Information Systems",
	volume = 9,
	number = 4,
	year = 1984,
	pages = "251-263"}

@ARTICLE{BL84,
	author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M.",
	title = "A Methodology for Data Schema Integration in the
		Entity Relationship Model",
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
	volume = 10,
	number = 6,
	month = "November",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "650-"}

@INCOLLECTION{BLM83,
	author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M. and Moscarini, M.",
	title = "Views Integration", 
	booktitle = "Methodology and Tools for Data Base Design",
	editor = "Ceri, S.",
	publisher = "Amsterdam: North Holland",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "57-84"}

@ARTICLE{BLN86,
	author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M. and Navathe, S.B.",
	title = "A Comparative Analysis of Methodologies for Database
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@TECHREPORT{ME84b,
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@COLLECTION{MR83,
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@BOOK{Martin83,
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	title = "The data model compiler: A tool for generating
		object-oriented database systems",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Object-Oriented
		Database Systems",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "73-84"}

@BOOK{MHS85,
	author = "McFadden, F.R. and Hoffer, J.A. and Srinivasan, A.",
	title = "Case Book for Database Management",
	publisher = "Benjamin/Cummins",
	address = "Menlo Park, CA",
	year = 1985,
	pages = "39-55"}

@ARTICLE{MH88, 
	author = "McLaughlin, M.E. and Hill, K.B. and Brown, D.D. and
		Rogers, M.A. and Howell, A.M and Hatch, P.P",
	title = "An Integrated Methodology and Tool Set for Database Design",
	journal = "SIGMOD Record",
	month = "December",
	year = 1988,
	volume = 17,
	number = 4,
	pages = "37-55"}

@BOOK{NE89,
	author = "Navathe, S. and Elmasri, R.",
	title = "Database Systems",
	publisher = "Prentice-Hall",
	address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
	year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{NEL86,
	author = "Navathe, S. and Elmasri, R. and Larson, J.",
	title = "Integrating User Views in Database Design",
	journal = "IEEE Computer",
	month = "January",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "50-62"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{NG82,
	author = "Navathe, S.B. and Gadgil, S.G.",
	title = "A Methodology for View Integration in Logical Database Design",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
	year = 1982,
	pages = "142-164"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{NSE84,
	author = "Navathe, S.B. and Sashidhar, T. and Elmasri, R.", 
	title = "Relationship Merging in Schema Integration", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Very 
		Large Data Bases",
	month = "August",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "78-90"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{NS78,
	author = "Navathe, S.B. and Schkolnick M.",
	title = "View Representation in Logical Database Design",
	booktitle = "Proceedings ACM SIGMOD International Conference",
	year = 1978,
	pages = "144-156"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{OBrien83,
	author = "O'Brien, P.",
	title = "An integrated interactive design environment for {TAXIS}",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of SOFTFAIR: A Conference on Software
		Development, Tools, Techniques, and Alternatives",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "298-306"}

@INCOLLECTION{PS86, 
	author = "Parent, C. and Spaccapietra, S.",
	title = "Enhancing the operational semantics of the
		entity-relationship model",
	booktitle = "Database Semantics", 
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers (North Holland)", 
	editor = "Steel, T.B. and Meersman, R. (ed.)", 
	year = 1986,
	pages = "159-173"}

@ARTICLE{PM88, 
	author = "Peckham, J. and Maryanski F.", 
	title = "Semantic Data Models",
	journal = "ACM Computing Surveys",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "153-189"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Potter84,
	author = "Potter, W.D.", 
	title = "DESIGN-PRO: A multi-model schema design tool in PROLOG",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
		Expert Database Systems",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "747-759"}

@ARTICLE{PT88, 
	author = "Potter, W.D. and Trueblood, R.P.", 
	title = "Traditional, Semantic, and Hyper-Semantic Approaches to
		Data Modeling",
	journal = "IEEE Computer",
	month = "June",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "53-63"}

@ARTICLE{RH77, 
	author = "Raver, N. and Hubbard, G.U.", 
	title = "Automated Logical Database Design: Concepts and
		Applications",
	journal = "IBM Systems Journal",
	year = 1977,
	pages = "287-299"}

@ARTICLE{RBBFKLR84,
	author = "Reiner, D. and Brodie, M. and Brown, G. and Friedell,	M. 
		and Kramlich, D. and Lehman, J. and Rosenthal, A.",
	title = "The Database Design Evaluation Workbench ({DDEW}) Project
		at {CCA}",
	journal = "Database Engineering",
	volume = 7,
	number = 4,
	month = "December",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "16-21"}

@INCOLLECTION{RBFLMRR87,
	author = "Reiner, D. and Brown, G. and Friedell, M. and Lehman J.
		and McKee, R. and Rheingans, P. and Rosenthal, A.", 
	title = "A Database Designer's Workbench",
	booktitle = "Entity-Relationship Approach",
	editor = "Spaccapietra, S.",
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "347-360"}

@INCOLLECTION{Sakai83,
	author = "Sakai, H.", 
	title = "Entity-Relationship Approach to Logical Database Design",
	booktitle = "The Entity-Relationship Approach to Software
		Engineering",
	editor = "G.C. Davis et al.", 
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "155-187"}

@INCOLLECTION{SSW80, 
	author = "Scheuermann, P. and Scheffner, G. and Weber, H.", 
	title = "Abstraction Capabilities and Invariant Properties Modeling
		within the Entity-Relationship Approach",
	booktitle = "The Entity-Relationship Approach to Systems Analysis
		and Design",
	editor = "Chen, P.", 
	publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
	year = 1980,
	pages = "121-132"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sciore81,
	author = "Sciore, E.",
	title = "Real-World MVDs.",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD",
	month = "April",
	year = 1981,
	pages = "121-132"}

@UNPUBLISHED{SG89,
	author = "Sheth, A.P. and Gala, S.K.",
	title = "Attribute Relationships: An Impediment In Automating
		Schema Integration",
	note = "Presented at the Workshop on Heterogeneous Database
		Systems",
	month = "December",
	year = 1989} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{SLCN88,
	author = "Sheth, A.P. and Larson, J.A. and Cornelio, A. and
		Navathe, S.B.",
	title = "A Tool for Integrating Conceptual Schemas and User Views",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference on
		Data Engineering",
	month = "February",
	year = 1988,
	pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{Shipman81, 
	author = "Shipman, D.W.", 
	title = "The Functional Data Model and the Data Language DAPLEX", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems", 
	volume = 6,
	number = 1,
	year = 1981,
	pages = "140-173"}

@TECHREPORT{Shneiderman82,
	author = "Shneiderman, B.", 
	title = "The Future of Interactive Systems and the Emergence of
		Direct Manipulation", 
	institution = "Dept. of Computer Science, U. of Maryland", 
	number = "TR-1156",
	year = 1982} 

@ARTICLE{SE87,
	author = "Shoval, P. and Even-Chaime, M.", 
	title = "Data Base Schema Design: An Experimental Comparison
		Between Normalization and Information Analysis",
	journal = "Data Base", 
	month = "Spring",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "30-39"}

@ARTICLE{SS77,
	author = "Smith, J.M. and Smith, D.C.P.", 
	title = "Database Abstractions: Aggregation and Generalization", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems", 
	month = "June",
	year = 1977,
	pages = "105-133"}

@ARTICLE{SG88,
	author = "Storey, V.C. and Goldstein, R.C.",
	title = "Creating User Views in Database Design",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	volume = 13,
	number = 3,
	month = "September",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "305-338"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Tan84,
	author = "Tan, T.J.",
	title = "DATADICT - A Data Analysis and Logical Database Design
		Tool",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
	month = "August",
	year = 1984,
	pages = "71-77"}

@TECHREPORT{TC82,
	author = "Teorey, T.J. and Cobb, R.",
	title = "Functional Specifications for a Database Design and
		Evaluation Workbench", 
	institution = "Information Systems Research Group, U. of Michigan",
	number = "Working Paper 82 DE 1.15",
	year = 1982} 

@BOOK{TF82,
	author = "Teory, T. J. and Fry, J. P.",
	title = "Design of Database Structures",
	publisher = "Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall",
	year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{TYF86,
	author = "Teorey, T.J. and Yang, D. and Fry, D.P.",
	title = "A Logical Design Methodology for Relational Databases Using
		the Extended Entity-Relationship Model",
	journal = "ACM Computing Surveys",
	volume = 18,
	number = 2,
	month = "June",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "197-222"}

@BOOK{TL82,
	author = "Tsichritzis, D.C. and Lochovsky, F.H.",
	title = "Data Models", 
	publisher = "Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall",
	year = 1982}

@INPROCEEDINGS{TF80, 
	author = "Tsou, D.M. and Fischer, P.C.",
	title = "Decomposition of a relation scheme into Boyce-Codd normal
	 	form.",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM Annual Conference.",
	year = 1980,
	pages = "411-417"}

@BOOK{Ullman80, 
	author = "Ullman, J.D.",
	title = "Principles of Database Systems",
	publisher = "Computer Science Press",
	address = "Potomac, Md.",
	year = 1980}

@BOOK{Ullman82,
	author = "Ullman, J.D.",
	title = "Principles of Database Systems",
	edition = "second",
	publisher = "Computer Science Press",
	address = "Rockville, Md.",
	year = 1982}

@PHDTHESIS{Wagner89,
	author = "Wagner, C.", 
	title = "View Integration in Database Design", 
	note = "Unpublished Dissertation", 
	school = "University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada", 
	year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{Wiederhold83,
	author = "Wiederhold, G.",
	title = "Modeling Databases",
	journal = "Information Science",
	volume = 29,
	number = 2, 
	year = 1983}

@ARTICLE{Wiederhold86,
	author = "Wiederhold, G.",
	title = "Views, Objects and Databases",
	journal = "IEEE Computer",
	month = "December",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "37-44"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{WKL86,
	author = "Woelk, D. and Kim, W. and Luther, W.",
	title = "An Object-Oriented Approach to Multimedia Databases",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "311-325"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{WK82,
	author = "Wong, H.K.T. and Kuo, I.",
	title = "GUIDE: A graphical user interface for database
		exploration",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
	year = 1982,
	pages = "22-32"}

@INCOLLECTION{YNW82,
	author = "Yao, S.B. and Navathe, S.B. and Weldon, J.L",
	title = "An integrated approach to logical database design",
	book = "Database Design Techniques I: Requirements and 
		Logical Structures",
	publisher = "Springer-Verlag, New York",
	year = 1982,
	pages = " "}

@ARTICLE{YWH82,
	author = "Yao, S.B. and Waddle, V. and Housel, B.",
	title = "View Modeling and Integration using the Functional Data
		Model",
	journal = "IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering", 
	volume = 8,
	number = 6,
	year = 1982,
	pages = " 544-553"}

@COLLECTION{YWH85,
	author = "Yao, S.B. and Waddle, V. and Housel, B.",
	title = "An Interactive System for Database Design and
		Integration",
	booktitle = "Principles of Database Design",
	volume = 1,
	editor = "Bing Yao",
	publisher = "Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall",
	year = 1985,
	pages = " "}

@ARTICLE{ZM81,
	author = "Zaniolo, C. and Melkanoff, M.A.",
	title = "On the design of relational database schemata.",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
	volume = 6,
 	number = 1,
	month = "March",
	year = 1981,
	pages = "1-47"} 



EXPERT DATABASE SYSTEMS
-----------------------


@PROCEEDINGS{EDS86,
	title = "Expert Database Systems",
	editor = "Larry Kerschberg (Ed.)",
	publisher = "Benjamin/Cummings",
	year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{FK85,
	author = "Fikes, R. and Kehler, T.",
	title = "The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning",
	journal = "Communication of the ACM",
	volume = 28,
	number = 9,
	month = "September",
	year = 1985}

@ARTICLE{KBFS88,
	author = "Kaiser and Barghouti and Feiler and Schwanke",
	title = "Database Support for Knowledge-Based Engineering 
		Environments",
	journal = "IEEE Expert",
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1988, 
	pages = "18-32"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kerschberg84,
	author = "Kerschberg, L.",
	title = "Expert Database Systems",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
		Expert Database Systems",
	year = 1984}

@INCOLLECTION{Minsky75,
	author = "Minsky, M.",
	title = "A Framework for Representing Knowledge", 
	booktitle = "The Psychology of Computer Vision",
	publisher = "McGraw-Hill", 
	editor = "Winston, P. (ed.)", 
	year = 1975}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ram89,
	author = "Ram, S.",
	title = "Automated Tools for Database Design: State of the Art", 
	note = "Working Paper, Department of M.I.S., University of Arizona", 
 	address = "Tucson, AZ 85721",
	year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{Tsur88,
	author = "Tsur",
	title = "LDL---A Technology for Realization of Tightly Coupled Expert
		Database Systems",
	journal = "IEEE Expert",
	month = "Fall",
	year = 1988,
	pages = "41-51"}

@TECHREPORT{Wegner86,
	author = "Wegner, P.", 
 	title = "Perspectives on Object-Oriented Programming", 
	institution = "Brown University, Dept. of Computer Science",
	number = "CS-86-25",
	month = "December",
	year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{Wiederhold7,
	author = "Wiederhold, G.",
	title = "Knowledge Versus Data",
 	chapter = 7,
	booktitle = "On Knowledge Base Management Systems: Integrating
		Artificial Intelligence and Database Technologies",
	editor = "Brodie, Mylopoulos, and Schmidt, (Eds.)",
	publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
	month = "June",
	year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{Wiederhold29,
	author = "Wiederhold, G.",
	title = "An Integration of Knowledge and Data Representation",
	chapter = 29,
	booktitle = "On Knowledge Base Management Systems: Integrating
		Artificial Intelligence and Database Technologies",
	editor = "Brodie, Mylopoulos, and Schmidt, (Eds.)",
	publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
	month = "June",
	year = 1986}

@UNPUBLISHED{WM87,
	author = "Wiederhold, G. and Milton, J.",
	title = "A Precis of Research on Knowledge-based Management Systems",
	note = "Working Paper, Department of Computer Science, Stanford
		University", 
 	address = "Stanford, California 94305",
	month = "June",
	year = 1987}


EXPERT SYSTEMS
--------------

@BOOK{GB88,
	author = "Gaines, B. and Boose, J.",
	title = "Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge based Systems",
	volume = 1, 
	publisher = "Academic Press", 
	address = "San Diego, Ca 92101",
	year = 1988} 

@INCOLLECTION{BBBBCKMW83, 
	author = "Buchanan, B. and Barstow, D. and Bechtel, R. and
		Bennett, J. and Clancey, W. and Kulikowski, C. and
		Mitchell, T. and Waterman, D.", 
	title = "Constructing an Expert System",
	booktitle = "Building Experts Systems",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
	address = "Reading, MA",
	editors = "Hayes-Roth, F. and Waterman, D. and Lenat, D.",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "127-167"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{CR89,
	author = "Carlson, D. and Ram, S.",
	title = "An Object-Oriented Design for Distributed Knowledge
		Based Systems", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Hawaii International Conference on
		System Sciences, Kona, HI",
	month = "January",
	year = 1989, 
	pages = "55-64"} 

@BOOK{Chorafas87,
	author = "Chorafas, D.N.", 
	title = "Applying Expert Systems in Business",
	publisher = "McGraw-Hill",
	address = "New York, NY",
	year = 1987}

@INCOLLECTION{Clancey83, 
	author = "Clancey, W.J.",
	title = "Heuristic Classification", 
	booktitle = "Knowledge-based Problem Solving",
	publisher = "Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
	editors = "Kowalik, J.S.",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "1-67"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Feigenbaum77,
	author = "Feigenbaum, E.A.",
	title = "The Art of Artificial Intelligence: Themes and Case
		Studies of Knowledge Engineering",
	booktitle = "International Joint Conference on Artificial
		Intelligence",
	year = 1977,
	pages = "1014-1029"}

@BOOK{FM83,
	author = "Feigenbaum, E.A. and McCorduck, P.",
	title = "The Fifth Generation",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.",
	year = 1983}

@INCOLLECTION{GKPST83, 
	author = "Gaschnig, J. and Klahr, P. and Pople, H. and Shortliffe,
		E. and Terry, A.",
	title = "Evaluation of Expert Systems: Issues and Case Studies",
	booktitle = "Building Experts Systems",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
	address = "Reading, MA",
	editors = "Hayes-Roth, F. and Waterman, D. and Lenat, D.",
	year = 1983,
	pages = "241-280"}

@BOOK{Hart86,
	author = "Hart, A.", 
	title = "Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems",
	publisher = "Kogan Page, London",
	year = 1986}

@BOOK{HWL83,
	author = "Hayes-Roth, F. and Waterman, D.A. and Lenat, D.B.",
	title = "Building Expert Systems",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
	year = 1983}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Lenat87,
	author = "Lenat, D.",
	title = " Overcoming the Brittleness Bottleneck",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third IEEE Conference on Artificial
		Intelligence Applications", 
	month = "February", 
	year = 1987,
	pages = "64-72"}} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{McDermott83,
	author = "McDermott, J.",
	title = "Building Expert Systems",
	booktitle = "Symposium on Artificial Intelligence in Business",
	year = 1983} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{MD85,
	author = "Mittal, S. and Dym, C.L.",
	title = "Knowledge Acquisition from Multiple Experts", 
	booktitle = "The AI Magazine", 
	volume = 6,
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1985,
	pages = "32-36"} 

@ARTICLE{Oleary88,
	author = "O'Leary, D.",
	title = "Methods of Validating Expert Systems",
	journal = "Interfaces",
	volume = 18, 
	number = 6, 
	month = "Nov-Dec", 
	year = 1988,
	pages = "72-79"}

@ARTICLE{Prerau85,
	author = "Prerau, D.S." ,
	title = "Selection of an Appropriate Domain for an Expert
		System",
	journal = "AI Magazine", 
	volume = 6,
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1985,
	pages = "26-30"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sviokla86a,
	author = "Sviokla, J.J.", 
	title = "Business Implication of Knowledge-Based Systems: Part I",
	booktitle = "Database", 
	volume = 17,
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "5-19"} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sviokla86b,
	author = "Sviokla, J.J.", 
	title = "Business Implication of Knowledge-Based Systems: Part II",
	booktitle = "Database", 
	volume = 18,
	month = "Fall", 
	year = 1986,
	pages = "5-16"} 

@BOOK{Waterman86,
	author = "Waterman, D.A.",
	title = "A Guide to Expert Systems",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley, New York",
	year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{ZG87,
	author = "Zobaidie, A. and Grimson, J.B.", 
	title = "Expert Systems and Database Systems, How
		can they serve each other?", 
	journal = "Expert Systems",
	volume = 4, 
	number = 1, 
	month = "February",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "241-280"}


USER INTERFACES
---------------

@ARTICLE{C85,
	author = "Cole et al.",
	title = "WE DON'T HAVE THIS",
	journal = "UNKNOWN",
	volume = 10,
	number = 8,
	month = "August",
	year = 87,
	pages = "100"}


GRAPHICS
--------

@ARTICLE{DDM86,
	author = "Dickson, G.W. and DeSanctis, G. and McBride, D.J.",
	title = "Understanding the Effectiveness of Computer Graphics 
	for Decision Support: A Cumulative Experimental Approach", 
	journal = "Communications of the ACM",
	volume = 29,
	number = 1,
	month = "January",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "40-47"} 

@ARTICLE{ET86,
	author = "Edmundson, R.H. and Terry, J.E.", 
	title = "Graphical Data Presentation for Decision Support Systems", 
	journal = "The Australian Computer Journal",
	volume = 18, 
	number = 4,
	month = "November",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "191-195"}

@BOOK{FVD83,
	author = "Foley, J.D. and Fan Dam, A",
	booktitle = "Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics",
	publisher = "Addison-Wesley Publishing Company",
	year = 1983}

@INPROCEEDINGS{FBK82,
	author = "Freidell, M. and Barret, J. and Kramlich, D.", 
	title = "Context-sensitive, Graphics Presentation of Information", 
	booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH", 
	year = 1982} 

@ARTICLE{Herot80,
	author = "Herot, C.F.",
	title = "Spatial Management of Data", 
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems", 
	volume = 5, 
	number = 4, 
	month = "December",
	year = 1980, 
	pages = "493-513"}

@ARTICLE{LMW86,
	author = "Lee, J.M. and MacLachlan, J. and Wallace, W.A.",
	title = "The Effects of 3D Imagery on Managerial Data Interpretation", 
	journal = "MIS Quarterly",
	volume = 10,
	number = 3,
	month = "September",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "257-269"}

@ARTICLE{Mackinlay86,
	author = "Mackinlay, J.",
	title = "Automating the Design of Graphical Presentations
		of Relational Information",
	journal = "ACM Transactions on Graphics",
	volume = 5,
	number = 2,
	month = "April",
	year = 1986,
	pages = "110-141"}

@ARTICLE{Raeder85,
	author = "Raeder, G.", 
	title = "A Survey of Current Graphical Programming Techniques", 
	journal = "Computer", 
	volume = 18, 
	number = 8, 
	month = "August",
	year = 1985,
	pages = "11-24"} 

@TECHREPORT{WG85,
	author = "Ware, C. and Geatty, J.C.",
	title = "Using colour as a tool in discrete data analysis",
	number = "CS-85-21", 
	institution = "Computer Science Dept.,
		U. of Waterloo, Ont. Canada",
	month = "August",
	year = 1985}


DISTRIBUTED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
-----------------------------------

@BOOK{BG88,
	author = "Bond and Gasser",
	booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence",
	publisher = "Morgan-Kaufmann",
	year = 1988}

@INPROCEEDINGS{CL87, 
	author = "Corkill, D.D. and Lesser, V.R.",
	title = "The Use of Meta-Level Control for Coordination in a
		Distributed Problem Solving Network",
	booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference
		on Artificial Intelligence",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "748-756"} 

@ARTICLE{DLC87,
	author = "Durfee, E. and Lesser, V. and Corkill, D.",
	title = "Cooperation Through Communication in a Distributed Problem
		Solving Network", 
	journal = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", 
	year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{Gasser87,
	author = "Gasser, L.",
	title = "Report on the 1985 Workshop on Distributed AI",
	journal = "AI Magazine",
	volume = 8,
	number = 2,
	month = "Summer",
	year = 1987,
	pages = "91-97"}

@ARTICLE{LC83,
	author = "Lesser, V.R. and Corkill, D.D.",
	title = "The Distributed Vehicle Monitoring Test Bed: A Tool for 
		Investigating Distributed Problem Solving Networks",
	journal = "AI Magazine",
	volume = 4,
	number = 3,
	month = "Fall",
	year = 1983, 
	pages = "15-33"}

@ARTICLE{Sridharan87,
	author = "Sridharan, N.S.",
	title = "Report on the 1986 Workshop on Distributed AI",
	journal = "AI Magazine",
	volume = 8,
	number = 3,
	month = "Fall",
	year = 1987, 
	pages = "75-85"}


From wagner@utoday.com (Mitch Wagner)
Subject: Re: AT&T PicturePhone Failure Papers?
Organization: Open Systems Today
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 93 19:03:13 GMT
Message-ID: <1993Jan26.190313.17423@utoday.com>
References: <1993Jan21.120745.12023@bernina.ethz.ch> <1jr4tmINNkbm@flop.ENGR.ORST.EDU> <1993Jan24.212800.7716@crd.ge.com>
Keywords: PicturePhone Failure
Lines: 10

kassover@rumsey.crd.ge.com (David Kassover) writes:


>But after watching the touchtone fiasco over the last three
>decades, I kinda doubt certain service providers will be able to
>pull it off.


What do you mean?



From david@ruc.dk (David Stodolsky)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware,news.answers,comp.answers
Subject: Introduction to comp.groupware (Periodic informational Posting)
Supersedes: <groupware-intro_726904936@athena.mit.edu>
Followup-To: comp.groupware
Date: 27 Jan 1993 06:02:17 GMT
Organization: Roskilde University
Lines: 349
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
Distribution: world
Expires: 24 Feb 1993 06:02:09 GMT
Message-ID: <groupware-intro_728114529@athena.mit.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pit-manager.mit.edu
Summary: Guidelines for posting to the Usenet newsgroup comp.groupware.
Keywords: CSCW, orgware, group, interactive, shared, environments
X-Last-Updated: 1993/01/25

Archive-name: groupware-intro
Last-modified: 1993/1/17
Version: 1.5

Please read carefully:
Any article posted to comp.groupware uses a minimum of ten hours of
readers' time. Do not post test messages to comp.groupware (see section
5 below). Information for teachers is contained in section 7.

This article is posted automatically every 14 days to introduce the
group to the more than one thousand new users that have subscribed
during that period. 

---------------- Contents (and revision information) ------------

Sections in this article (Revised in last modification)

0. Groupware is software and hardware for shared interactive
environments.
1. Set your distribution to "world". (Revised)
2. Sign your article.
3. Comp.groupware is being archived. (Revised)
4. If you are posting copyrighted work...
5. Read "Welcome to news.newusers.questions"... (Revised)
6. When you reply to a message, do not change the subject line...
7. Comp.groupware is read by over 28,000 people. (Revised)

------------ End of Contents (and revision information) ----------


0. Groupware is software and hardware for shared interactive
environments.

The term "environment" includes software and hardware that sets the
context for interaction. Hardware can include specially designed
furnishings and architectural spaces that are considered integral to
correct utilization of a given software application. A groupware
application may require a specific organizational environment to
function as expected. More powerful applications can adapt to, or
overcome limitations of, their environments.

The term "interactive" is used to indicate that time constraints are
managed by the system. Many groupware applications appear to support
real-time interaction. Others merely enforce deadlines that can span
weeks. In either case, the technical limitations on the pace of
interaction are made (to appear) negligible in terms of the objectives
of the application. Systems that exclude reference to real time are not
groupware applications.

The term "shared" indicates that two or more participants interact with
one another in such a manner that each person influences and is
influenced by each other person. No upper limit in the number of
participants is indicated, because mediated groups, as opposed to
natural ones, can maintain joint awareness with very large numbers of
persons. (Joint awareness is one way that "group" is defined.) An
objective of some groupware applications is to increase the number of
persons that can interact "as a group".

Some definitions of groupware include the notion of a common goal. While
all systems require some agreement among participants (at minimum that
they should be jointly used), interactions can be predominately
conflictual. Management of conflict is often a crucial feature of a
groupware system. Vote collecting systems are an example.

Definitions:

Group - Two or more persons who are interacting
with one another in such a manner that each person
influences and is influenced by each other person
(Shaw, M. E. _Group dynamics: The psychology of
small group behaviour_. 1976, p. 11).

Ware - 1 a) manufactured articles, products of art
or craft.... b) an article of merchandise.... 3) an
intangible item (as a service) that is a marketable
commodity. (_Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary_,
1976, p. 1319).


1. Set your distribution to "world". Comp.groupware is delivered to all
continents. Do not limit your chances for feedback by restricting
distribution. Restricted distribution can cause confusion when people
read responses to articles they have not seen. If you notice an article
has a restricted distribution, inform the poster by mail.

If you are restricted from posting to "world" by your administrator,
request a change in your privileges, at least for this newsgroup. If
refused, determine what your rights are in terms of appeal, based upon
information available at your site. An alternative is to use the Net to
find information and persons to contact concerning your rights. 
Try the newsgroups:

comp.org.eff.news
comp.org.eff.talk
misc.legal.computing
alt.society.civil-liberty
alt.comp.acad-freedom.news
alt.society.cu-digest

Information about the rights of network users is available from the
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Information about the Electronic
Frontier Foundation  can be requested from eff@eff.org. You can also
retrieve information about EFF and its projects via anonymous FTP from
ftp.eff.org.

As a final resort, send a summary of your case to:

Carl Kadie (kadie@eff.org)
Electronic Frontier Foundation
155 Second Street
Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
Tel.: +1 (617) 864-0665
Fax: +1 (617) 864-0866.

If you can send email off-site, you can post using a Usenet-news mail
server. Email to "comp-groupware@ucbvax.berkeley.edu" is posted with the
subject line of your letter becoming the subject line of the article.
(Note: "." in the newsgroup name is written as "-".) This allows you to
post to a newsgroup even if you have read-only access to Network News.


2. Sign your article. Each name should have one and only one user. If
the article is a joint product, indicate this at the beginning and end
of the article. Some news reading programs allow certain names to be to
be automatically selected. Help the reader by using the same name at all
times. This will improve the chances that people will read your
articles.

The signature should include complete name, address, and telephone
number (this allows quick verification in case forgery is suspected).
Email addresses ought to be included in the signature in case headers
get munged. Another nice feature is geographical coordinates, so the
time zone can be determined (useful in telephoning). The signature
should be limited to four lines as is suggested practice on Usenet.


3. Comp.groupware is being archived.
tvv@ncsc.org (Terry Myerson) began archiving comp.groupware 92.10.6.
The archive is available by anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) from:
avs.ncsc.org ( 128.109.178.23 )

in the directory:
~ftp/newsgroups/comp.groupware

The archives are in mail folders named MONTH_YEAR.
For example, to peruse all of the postings in the month of
October, you could download the archive Oct_92, and execute

%       Mail -f Oct_92

FTP is a way of copying files between networked computers.  If you
need help in using or getting started with FTP, send email to:
mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu 

with:
send usenet/news.answers/ftp-list/faq

in the body to find out how to do FTP.

Those without FTP access should send email to:
mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu

with:
send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources

in the body to find out how to do FTP by email.


4. If you are posting copyrighted work, indicate at the beginning of the
article whether permission has been obtained. If you do not want an
article reproduced, indicate this (e.g., Copyright - Net distribution
only).


5. Read "Welcome to news.newusers.questions" in that newsgroup before
posting for the first time. This helps to avoid common mistakes and
inadvertent abusive behavior that can cause articles to be ignored.

Authors should refer to "Guidelines for posting on Usenet" in the
newsgroup "news.announce.newusers" to make sure they know to spell check
their articles, etc. "Answers to Frequently Asked Questions",
"Introduction to news.announce", "Hints on writing style for Usenet"
available in the same newsgroup also contain information for new users.

Do not post test messages to comp.groupware. There are special groups
for testing. And tests should be as limited in their distribution as
possible. This is basic information from "Guidelines for posting on
Usenet". Posting of test messages inappropriately is considered abusive
and will cause a loss of readership for your articles.

Always use your Subject line to state the *topic* of your article as
completely as possible (e.g., "Macintosh II voice-mail based real-time
meeting software ready.", rather than "Meeting software"). Summary lines
should indicate *what* your message says about the topic (e.g., "New
meeting coordination software available via anonymous FTP"). Statements
should always end with periods, questions with question marks
(typically), and high energy, high impact declarations with exclamation
points. These rules makes articles much easier for recipients to handle
appropriately. 

If you ask a question, your subject line should include "question",
"query", "(Q)" or should end with a "?". Questions should clearly
explain your problem and surrounding issues. Otherwise, you will simply
waste the time of those who want to help you. Tell people the kind of
work you are doing or contemplating doing. This helps them provide the
information you need. Indicate what efforts, if any, you have made thus
far, and what information was found.

Subject, Summary, and Keyword headers are scanned by many news reading
programs, thus permitting readers to find your article easily. You will
have your articles read more often if you select these carefully.


6. When you reply to a message, do not change the subject line or
redirect follow-ups (unless you are changing the subject).  Such changes
make it harder for some news readers to follow the threads in a
discussion. Include a "Summary" line which indicates specifically what
your message says. This permits your article to be found even if it is a
follow-up to an article with poorly chosen subject and keyword
information.

Please, do not post responses to articles you feel are inappropriate or
abusive. (If you can not resist, consider alt.flame as an alternative
newsgroup for your article [it has greater readership than
comp.groupware]). If the author is not saying anything worth reading,
enter the name in your "kill" file, and then no more of your time will
be wasted by that person. If you feel that the author is saying
something worth reading, but in an inappropriate way, respond by mail.
Tell the author what you think is incorrect about the article. If
possible, suggest how to accomplish the objective in an appropriate way
(e. g., post to another newsgroup). If you have responded to a person by
mail a few times without the desired effect, and you feel that the group
as a whole could benefit by a solution to the problem, only then should
you post an article.  The nature of your article should be a suggestion,
if possible, of how such problems can be avoided in the future.


7. Comp.groupware is read by over 28,000 people (Brian Reid posts
readership statistics at the beginning of each month to the newsgroup
news.lists). Consider the cost to readers of any post. If even an
obviously inappropriate article is distributed, one that just takes
readers a few seconds to scan, and then skip or kill, the total time
used is still large. With 36,000 readers, a post that takes an average
of 1 second for each reader to deal with (i. e., examining the subject
line) means a total of ten hours used (36,000 seconds / 3,600
seconds/hour = 10 hours). If the article uses up an average of four
seconds, then the total time expenditure is 40 hours, the equivalent of
a work week. This is probably the minimum time expenditure on any
article that is even selected for scanning. So, if you spend a week
preparing an article and then post it to comp.groupware, there will be a
balance between your time investment and that used by readers, even if
they only scan your article and make no response. The lack of a separate
feedback channel is an unfortunate deficiency in the Network News system
as it is currently structured.

This analysis should not discourage anyone from posting a simple
question. Some of the most interesting and valuable exchanges in
comp.groupware have resulted from such questions. However, authors must
not make such requests unnecessarily. On the other hand, a carefully
prepared article or a report of an extensive project may not receive any
comment at all. This could mean that the article is clear and error
free. It could also mean it was not of sufficient interest to anyone to
be read in detail. What can be assumed is that it was seriously
considered. This is a result of the currently low traffic level in
comp.groupware and high quality of articles posted.

Teachers should not make use of comp.groupware a class activity. If a
class is made aware of comp.groupware, this Introduction should be made
required reading, so inappropriate use is minimized. Instructional use
of the news system is best practised in a local newsgroup established
for that purpose. This also permits establishment of a better
environment for instructional purposes. See the article "Protecting
expression in teleconferencing: Pseudonym-based peer review journals"
{Stodolsky, D. S. (1990).  _Canadian Journal of Educational
Communication_, 19, 41-51. ([1989, May 9]. _Communication Research and
Theory Network [CRTNET]_, No. 175 [Semi-final draft available by
electronic mail from LISTSERV@PSUVM.BITNET at University Park, PA: The
Pennsylvania State University, Department of Speech Communication and
COMSERVE@Vm.ecs.rpi.edu at Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Department of Language, Literature, and Communication.])} This article
also available in compressed format as file "prot.express.tele" on
archive.eu.net in ~ftp/documents/authors/Stodolsky, and on ftp.nluug.nl
in ~ftp/pub/documents/authors/Stodolsky.

Retrieve and examine the file by typing, for example
(characters before and including ":" or ">" indicate machine's prompting
for input):

        > ftp archive.EU.net
        login: ftp
        password: <your email address here>
        ftp> bin
        ftp> cd documents/authors/Stodolsky
        ftp> get prot.express.tele.Z
        ftp> bye
        > uncompress prot.express.tele.Z
        > view prot.express.tele


If your email reply to an author fails, try again using information in
the signature lines. An X.500 directory information server can be
consulted to find a person's email address. Read the informational
article, "How to find people's email addresses" (in the newsgroup
"news.answers"), so you know to contact the postmaster at the site of
the person you are trying to reach, and so on. Do not post a reply until
you have tried to reach the author by telephone, facsimile, or paper
mail. If these fail, ask yourself if getting the reply through is worth
ten hours of readers' time. If so, post the message. Do not post a
message asking a person to send you an email address, unless your letter
must be kept private (If this is true, consider using encryption). If it
is not of general interest, use only the person's name as the subject
(e.g., "To: Foo Bar"). If other readers might find it interesting, also
give full subject information. 

Similarly, do not broadcast requests for information you can obtain from
a known source. Requests such as, "What are the contents of book Foo
published by Bar" are not appropriate. This information can normally be
obtained by a short telephone call and a few minutes of work by someone
being paid to provide that service. Let's not deprive someone of a job
and at the same time get comp.groupware readers fired because they are
wasting all their time reading unnecessary articles :-).

Post long articles as a single unit if they are less than 30,000
characters. Otherwise, post separate sections as follow-ups to the
first, breaking at meaningful places. This permits the sections to be
treated as a single unit, thus minimizing expenditure of attention on
the article. The cost of transmitting articles is negligible, so long
posts that take one second to delete "cost" the same as short ones.

Disregarding these considerations or a lack of self discipline in
following them will result in defensive attention management. That is,
certain authors will not be read at all by many readers or valuable
discussions will take place by email instead of being posted. This would
have the unfortunate effect of fractionating the joint awareness that
permits the comp.groupware readership to function as a group. Thus, it
is recommended that authors who prefer entertainment to rigor in their
news reading, post to other newsgroups.

-------

This article compiled with assistance from numerous readers of
comp.groupware.

Corrections, comments, and suggestions to:

David S. Stodolsky                            Tel: + 45 31 95 92 82
Department of Computer Science                Fax: + 45 46 75 42 01
Bldg. 20.1, Roskilde University              Internet: david@ruc.dk
Post Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark        : david@mcsun.EU.net


From Elske Heeren
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: real-time shared drawing tool
Message-ID: <1993Jan27.101519.3142@cs.utwente.nl>
Date: 27 Jan 93 10:15:19 GMT
Sender: usenet@cs.utwente.nl
Organization: University of Twente, Dept. of Computer Science
Lines: 31
Nntp-Posting-Host: utto158.to.utwente.nl

In search of: a real-time shared drawing tool

I am working on my PhD research on the design of learning environments for
cooperative learning at a distance, which means that groups of three adult
learners are collaboratively working on a problem solving task. I want to
study the effects (on learning outcomes and processes) of supporting their
work with a tool for collaborative creation of drawings and schemes, 
additionally to communication through audio-conferencing.

What I need for this, is software that enables this collaborative drawing,
specifically:
- real-time interaction,
- a cursor on the screen for each participant (there are 3 of them),
- if possible: input from more than one person at the same moment.
I am searching for software that either does the whole thing, or that 
enables real-time work on (drawing) applications that may not be specially
designed for collaborative work.

For the research purpose, it does not have to bridge long distances. 
Implementations on a DOS/Windows or Macintosh environment are preferred 
(since that's what we have available here).

Is there someone out there who can help me?
Thanks in advance!


Elske Heeren			
heeren@edte.utwente.nl

University of Twente, Faculty of Educational Science and Technology
The Netherlands


From vandeweg@cs.utwente.nl (Rob Vandeweg)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Call for papers 4th European workshop on the Next Generation of CASE Tools (NGCT-93)
Message-ID: <1993Jan27.135534.4000@cs.utwente.nl>
Date: 27 Jan 93 13:55:34 GMT
Sender: usenet@cs.utwente.nl
Reply-To: ngct@cs.utwente.nl
Organization: University of Twente, Dept. of Computer Science
Lines: 191
Nntp-Posting-Host: utis175


CALL FOR PARTICIPATION AND CALL FOR PAPERS



FOURTH EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON THE NEXT GENERATION  OF CASE 
TOOLS (NGCT-93)

Held in association with CAISE-93


On June 6 - 8, 1993, the fourth NGCT Workshop will take 
place in Paris at the Sorbonne University in association 
with the CAISE-93 conference.

Programme: Dr. Sjaak Brinkkemper
Local Organisation: Prof. Colette Rolland

The workshop brings together leading European researchers on 
Computer Aided Software Engineering. The first three 
workshops held at Noordwijkerhout (the Netherlands), 
Trondheim (Norway), and Manchester (UK) were attended by 25 
- 30 researchers, and have laid the groundwork for 
continuing exchange of research ideas in this area. The 
fourth workshop will consolidate and expand this exchange of 
ideas further into active development and update of the 
agenda for CASE research.
Attendance at the workshop will be by invitation only and is 
limited to 25 delegates to promote effective discussion and 
exchange of ideas in a small group. The programme has been 
arranged to encourage informal exchange of ideas. Every 
effort  will be made to keep costs to a minimum.

THEMES

Themes of the workshop will be focused on architectural 
specification of aspects of new generation CASE environments 
with special emphasis on issues as, but not limited to:
* Development process support
* Group software development tools
* Repositories
* MetaCASE (meta-modelling)

Topics in the past have covered:

* Reuse in CASE tools
* Reverse engineering CASE tools
* CASE architectures
* Method support in CASE, including formal methods
* Metamodelling for CASE environments and MetaCASE
* Innovative and Knowledge based CASE tools
* CASE tools for Object-Oriented analysis and design
* Human factors and Organisation issues
* User interfaces and CASE
* CSCW for CASE
* Repository techniques and standards
* Natural language support

Please note submissions must have tool based, i.e. CASE, 
subject matter.


The format of the workshop will consist of short paper 
presentations and thematic discussions plenary as well in 
subgroups.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Two types of submissions are invited:
* Full papers, length not more than 6,000 words
* Position papers, length not more than 2,500 words.
Papers will reviewed by the workshop committee, and 
attendance at the workshop is conditioned on acceptance of 
either a position or a full paper.

Authors of full papers should try to review related work as 
well as presenting their own results. Keynote presentations 
will be selected from full papers. Position papers are 
intended to describe experience and overview of results. 
Membership of working groups will be determined from 
position papers.
All accepted papers will be published in the informal 
workshop proceedings as a technical report (memorandum) of 
the Twente University, which will be supplied to delegates. 
It is intended that a formal published volume of edited 
proceedings will be proceeded after the workshop. The 
proceedings of the second workshop were published as 'Next 
generation CASE tools' by the IOS Press (Amsterdam, The 
Netherlands) last year in the series 'Studies in Computer 
and Communication Systems'.

The procedure will be to select papers on the basis of 
review results and then discussion in working groups. A 
number of papers (no more than twelve) will be selected for 
development to a publication standard. Authors should note 
in their submissions that material which is submitted to the 
main CAISE-93 conference can not be published in the NGCT 
edited proceedings because of copyright restrictions.

The deadline for paper submission will be February 28th,
1993. The call for participation for CAISE-93 can be 
obtained from the secretary of the workshop committee.

WORKSHOP PLAN

NGCT-93 will have as the previous year a panel format of 
discussion and small groups to stimulate development of 
ideas on focused themes. The programme will be as follows:

Day 1. Saturday 6th June 12.00 am - 5.00 pm

(a) Presentation of four - five keynote papers selected from 
the submitted full papers. Twenty minute presentations plus 
five minutes questions. Choice of these papers will depend 
on their academic merit and coverage of topics. We intend to 
have only one paper per theme area presented, even if we get 
several excellent papers on one theme.

(b) Panel presentations. Participants will be invited to 
join panels on basis of  their submitted (position or full) 
papers. Panellists may give five - ten minute short 
presentations. Each panel will be composed of four - five 
participants, 45 minutes per panel, 25 minutes presentation 
plus twenty minutes discussion with the other delegates 
acting as audience. Four - five panels overall, selected on 
coherence of themes.

Day 2 Sunday 7th June 9.30 am - 5.30 pm

Continuation of panel presentations.

(c) Selection of working groups. Participants may elect to 
join a panel or to form a separate group for subjects which 
were not presented. The aims is to form six - seven groups 
on topic themes (assuming a workshop membership of about 
25).

(d) Discussion of topics in working groups. Review of 
submitted papers, ideas for development.

Day 3 Monday 8th June 9.00 - 12.00 am

(e) Plenary session. Presentation by each working group of 
its conclusions, discussion by whole workshop. Plans for 
published volume, and future meetings of workshop.

SUBMISSION PROCEDURE

Papers (three copies) should be sent by Sunday 28th February 
1993 to:
     Dr S. Brinkkemper,
     Department of Information Systems,
     Faculty of Informatics, University of Twente,
     P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands,

     e-mail: {ngct@cs.utwente.nl},
     tel.nr:  +31-53-893690
     fax-nr:  +31-53-339605 

Authors will be notified of acceptance or rejection by April 
7th 1993. Camera ready copy should be supplied by 10th May 
1993.


WORKSHOP COMMITTEE

Rudolf Andersen, University of Trondheim, Norway
Sjaak Brinkkemper, University of Twente, NL (chair)
Terry Halpin, University of Queensland, Australia
Neil Maiden, City University, UK.
Colette Rolland, University of Paris, France
Alistair Sutcliffe, City University, UK
Veli-Pekka Tahvanainen, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
Babis Theodoulidis, UMIST, UK
Benkt Wangler, SISU, Sweden
Rob van de Weg, University of Twente, NL (secretary)
Richard Welke, Georgia State University, USA
Gerard Wijers, SERC, NL


Those interested in participation and wishing to obtain the 
final call for participation should contact the program 
committee:
     Rob L.W. van de Weg,
     Department of Information Systems,
     Faculty of Informatics, University of Twente,
     P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands,

     e-mail: {ngct@cs.utwente.nl},
     tel.nr:  +31-53-893690
     fax-nr:  +31-53-339605 


From turletti@jerry.inria.fr (Thierry Turletti)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: New version of IVS now available
Keywords: videoconferencing, H.261 CODEC
Message-ID: <39638@sophia.inria.fr>
Date: 27 Jan 93 17:30:36 GMT
Sender: news@sophia.inria.fr
Organization: INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis (Fr)
Lines: 90

Version 2.1 of IVS is now available from avahi.inria.fr in the file
/pub/videoconference/ivs.tar.Z.

The INRIA Videoconferencing System (IVS) is a tool to support
audio and video conferences over the Internet. It includes a
software codec, a dynamic admission control mechanism integrated
in the codec, and a protocol to manage the participants in a
videoconference (e.g. add a new participant to a conference
already in progress).

This version includes a lot of changes & improvements. Here are the main
changes:

	* All Motif calls have been removed. Now, the Athena toolkit is used. 
	  A scrollbar is used to display the list of participants. (The
          previous display was not very fast...) This list of participants
          begins first with your local station, the active stations and then,
          the passive stations.

	* A rate control option for video data is added. Two possibility of
	  control are available:

	    - Privilege Quality - In this mode, the frame rate is reduced in
	                          order not to overrun the maximum rate
				  selected. Useful for still images...

	    - Privilege frame rate - In this mode, no delay is added. The
				  control rate is done using the quantizer and
                                  the movement detection's threshold. These
                                  parameters are dynamically
				  chosen to fit in
                                  the bandwidth selected.


	* IVSD (IVS daemon) added. Running it in background allows
          you to be called by anyone on the Internet. A small icon will
          appear and a message will pop up when an ivs talk is requested. If
          you click on the "Accept" option, an ivs command will be run
          automatically towards your party. For example, if you want to call
          asterix@obelix.fr, just run ivs obelix.fr
          Then, if you click on the "Call up" button, the ivs request is
          sent to the obelix.fr host. If you click on the icon, you will be
          able to initiate an IVS session in unicast or multicast mode.

	* A new button allows to freeze the image.

	* Now, local display selection, audio encoding mode and VideoPix port 
	  input may be changed during encoding.

	* The audio driver is now automatically closed when there is no audio
	  data encoding/decoding.

        * The video bandwidth and the frame rate are now displayed at the
          encoder side.

	* Speed improvements

	* Port numbers are now differents in unicast mode. In this way an
   	  unicast call may be done during a multicast conference.

	* Video and audio decoding options are now implicit except for
	  your local station. To disable this mode, use the -a|-v options
 	  (see manual).

	* IVS is now supporting :

		 # SPARCSTATIONS (audio + video)
		   --> VideoPix framegrabber
		   --> Parallax framegrabber [Thanks to Edgar Ostrowski and
                                                        Frank Ruge]

		 # SGI (audio + video) [Thanks to Guido van Rossum]
    
		 # HP (audio + video)
		   --> Raster Rops framegrabber [Thanks to Edgar Ostrowski, 
					    Frank Ruge and Markus Rebensburg]

		 # DECSTATIONS (only video decoding ...) 


Note that in the same ftp-site, a report ivs_report.ps.Z describes the
previous version.

Hope that you will appreciate this new version,


  Thierry Turletti.                       

-- 
Thierry Turletti  - Project RODEO - INRIA sophia-Antipolis - FRANCE


From doc@intercon.com (Dave Kosiur)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: The Start of a Groupware Bibliography
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 1993 17:21:19 -0500
Organization: InterCon Systems Corporation
Lines: 38
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <9301271721.AA19407@rx7.intercon.com>
References: <1993Jan26.075309.19307@gallant.apple.com>
Reply-To: doc@intercon.com (Dave Kosiur)
NNTP-Posting-Host: rx7.intercon.com
X-Newsreader: InterCon TCP/Connect II 1.1b34

In article <1993Jan26.075309.19307@gallant.apple.com>, consensus@aol.com 
(Christopher Allen) writes:
> From: consensus@aol.com (Christopher Allen) 
> Newsgroups: comp.groupware 
> Subject: The Start of a Groupware Bibliography 
> Date: 26 Jan 93 07:53:09 GMT 
> Organization: Consensus Development 
> 
> I have been collecting books and articles on Groupware for a couple of 
> years, and have periodically published the "Groupware Yellow Pages" 
> with listings of products and information resources concerning 
> Groupware. 
> 
> As the next step in my efforts to disseminate information on groupware, 
> I am starting an effort to create bibliographic entries for all my 
> Groupware books, and hopefully over time all my articles. 
> 
> I am asking for contributions to the Groupware Bibliography, as well as 
> volunteers to validate and check over new entries as they are added. I 
> am also looking for a anonomously accessible FTP site that can be a 
> reliable place to keep this information, as opposed to period postings 
> here in 'comp.groupware'. 
> 
Saul Greenberg at the University of Calgary has long been running an 
Annotated Bibliography of CSCW. The bibliography is quite complete and is 
available in electronic form (via ftp) as either an EndNote database, Refer 
database or a Microsoft Word doc.

The files can be ftp'd by anonymous ftp from cpsc.ucalgary.ca in the 
directory pub/CSCWbilbiography.

Dave Kosiur


Dave Kosiur
InterCon Systems Corp.




From perena@csc.liv.ac.uk (Miss. P.I. Gouma)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: management with groupware
Keywords: groupware, management
Message-ID: <C1IsF8.37D@compsci.liverpool.ac.uk>
Date: 27 Jan 93 15:59:32 GMT
Sender: news@compsci.liverpool.ac.uk (News Eater)
Organization: Computer Science, Liverpool University
Lines: 13
Nntp-Posting-Host: tame.csc.liv.ac.uk



 I am seeking information about any groupware system developed or/and applied
to support management in groups or organizations. I would be grateful if you could provide me with any relevant information. Please either post it or send
personal email. I will post the summary of your replies.

Thank you in advance,

Perena Gouma                        
Dept. of Computer Science,          email: perena@uk.ac.liverpool.compsci	
University of Liverpool,            tel: 051-794-3706
P.O.Box 147, Liverpool,             fax: 051-794-3715     
L69 3BX, U.K.


From grudin@ics.uci.edu (Jonathan Grudin)
Subject: Re: The Start of a Groupware Bibliography
Nntp-Posting-Host: vineland.ics.uci.edu
Message-ID: <grudin-270193183104@vineland.ics.uci.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Organization: University of California, Irvine
Lines: 31
References: <1993Jan26.075309.19307@gallant.apple.com>
Date: 28 Jan 93 02:47:43 GMT
Followup-To: comp.groupware


I see that Dave Kosiur has already pointed to Saul Greenberg's
bibliography.  In addition to being on-line, versions were
published in the July 1991 SIGCHI Bulletin and in the collection
of papers that Saul edited, Computer-supported Cooperative Work
and Groupware (Academic Press, 1991).

With respect to formatting, it might be nice to be consistent
with a very large bibliogrpahy on human-computer interaction
compiled by Gary Perlman with partial support from SIGCHI.
Information about HCIBIB can also be found in the July 1991
SIGCHI Bulletin.  I believe you can register for it by sending
a message to hcibib@cis.ohio-state.edu with a two-line message,
the first saying
Register:
and the second containing your email address.

To be complete there is information on another HCI bibliography
project organized (or organised) by Brian Shackel in England in
the July 1992 SIGCHI Bulletin.

Steve Poltrock and I have a small but more human-readable
bibliography providing the tables of contents of CSCW conferences
and edited book collections, along with contact information for
some groupware prototypes and products, in MS Word (Macintosh)
format.  I could send it via email in RTF or binhex format to
anyone who would like it.  (It also provides some information
as to where conference papers were later published in extended
versions and lists some published reviews of conferences.)

-- Jonathan Grudin


From mjo@cs.tu-berlin.de (Martin Ohly)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: WScrawl with Motif 1.2 ?
Date: 28 Jan 1993 10:17:05 GMT
Organization: Technical University of Berlin, Germany
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <1k8br2INNds@news.cs.tu-berlin.de>
NNTP-Posting-Host: flp.cs.tu-berlin.de


Has anyone debugged Brian Wilson's shared whiteboard,
WScrawl, to work with Motif 1.2, X11R5 on a Sun Sparc ?

Has anyone used WScrawl for applications in a medical
environment ?

Thanks for any response

Martin Ohly

E-Mail	mjo@cs.tu-berlin.de
Address	Leber Str 28, 1000 Berlin 62, Germany
Tel	Germany + 30 782 6523
Fax	Germany + 30 4505 2078 (please mark attention BERMED project)


From lakerb@rcwusr.bp.com
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: AT&T PicturePhone Failure Papers?
Message-ID: <1993Jan28.091120.130@rcwusr>
Date: 28 Jan 93 09:11:19 -0600
References: <1993Jan21.120745.12023@bernina.ethz.ch> <1jr4tmINNkbm@flop.ENGR.ORST.EDU> <1993Jan24.212800.7716@crd.ge.com> <1993Jan25.173143.1117@news.mentorg.com>
Organization: BP Research, Cleveland, OH (USA)
Lines: 25

In article <1993Jan25.173143.1117@news.mentorg.com>, janem@janem.mentorg.com (Jane Merrow) writes:
> In article <1993Jan24.212800.7716@crd.ge.com>, kassover@rumsey.crd.ge.com (David Kassover) writes:
> |> 
> |> A lot has changed in 23 years; perhaps useful and interesting
> |> functionality can now be delivered without doubling or tripling
> |> the phone rates.
> |> 
> 
> There's a new color picturephone on the market now.  It costs about
> $1500 per unit (which means $3000 to get one for yourself and someone
> to talk to and see).  It is supposed to run on the regular phone lines 
> with no added fees, so the cost is only in acquiring the equipment. 
> 

A recent article pointed out that home cable providers have an unrealized
opportunity for expanded services.  They mentioned that a camcorder was a
picturephone input device and the TV a picturephone output device, potentially.

Also mentioned was that portable phones could link into the cable
data/information transport, as well as personal computers, FAX, etc.

Rob Lake
BP America Research
lake@rcwcl1.dnet.bp.com



From clin@eng.umd.edu (Charles C. Lin)
Newsgroups: news.announce.newgroups,news.groups,comp.ai,sci.lang,comp.groupware,comp.speech,sci.lang
Subject: RFD: comp.ai.natural-lang
Followup-To: news.groups
Date: 28 Jan 1993 23:43:18 -0500
Organization: College of Engineering, Maryversity von Uniland, College Park
Lines: 123
Sender: tale@rodan.UU.NET
Approved: tale@uunet.uu.net
Message-ID: <1kacl6INNdps@rodan.UU.NET>
NNTP-Posting-Host: rodan.uu.net

This is an official request for discussion (RFD) for the formation of
the newsgroup, comp.ai.natural-language

             Charter for comp.ai.natural language

Name:         comp.ai.natural-language

Moderation:   This group will be unmoderated.

Purpose:      To discuss issues relating to natural language, especially
              computer-related issues from an AI viewpoint.   The topics
              that will be discussed in this group will concentrate on, but
              are not limited to, the following:

                   *   Natural Language Understanding
                   *   Natural Language Generation
                   *   Machine Translation
                   *   Dialogue and Discourse Systems
                   *   Natural Language Interfaces
                   *   Parsing
                   *   Computational Linguistics
                   *   Computer-Aided Language Learning

              This group will avoid discussing issues that are more properly
              covered by other newsgroups.   For example, speech synthesis
              should be discussed in comp.speech.   However, due to the
              interdisciplinary nature of the field, there may be overlap in
              material between other groups.    To try to keep this to a 
              minimum, topics should pertain to computer-related aspects
              of natural language.

Rules of Decorum:  Because of the unmoderated format, anyone with access to
                   this newsgroup will be able to post without review.
                   This is meant to encourage discussion of the topics.
                   Please refrain from "flames" or unnecessary criticism
                   of a person's viewpoints or personality in a harsh
                   or insulting manner.   Criticisms should constructive
                   and polite whenever possible.

Intended Audience:  The following is a repost of Terry Gaasterland's opinion
                    on how this newsgroup would fit in to the other alternative
                    newsgroups and mailing lists.

Terry writes:

It is important to differentiate between a comp.ai.natural-lang 
group and existing groups:  e.g. sci.lang, the nl-kr group (I 
forget its newsgroup name), and the LINGUIST list.  What would
a comp.ai.natural-lang group provide that these groups do not?

NL-KR is carefully moderated.  As a result, it is not so much a forum 
for dialog as a place for announcements and requests for information.
The main problem with the NL-KR group is that people ask questions
and others answer them privately.  Many times over the years, I have 
sent people requests for a copy of the responses that they get --- 
usually to no avail.  

The sci.lang group has a general scope that basically covers all 
issues in linguistics.  It tends to get a lot of noise.  I would hope 
that a comp.ai.natural-lang group would successfully focus on the 
issues involved in getting computers to deal with processing language.

The LINGUIST list is a forum for linguists to exchange views, argue
about points, give circumstantial data points to each other, and 
post announcements.  The focus is on linguistics, not on how to 
get computers to deal with language.  Its very high volume of 
messages reflects the size of the readership and its willingness 
to participate in discussions.  The list is a good place for a 
computer scientist to pick up a general sense of issues and 
topics in linguistics.  Because it is lightly moderated, the 
LINGUIST list is less noisy than the sci.lang group.  Because
of the quality of the list members, the discussion tends to 
stay at a professional, scientific level.  These properties
are harder to acheive with an unmoderated newsgroup.

The issues that are dealt with in (computer oriented) natural 
language research lie at the heart of AI.  A comp.ai.natural-lang 
group should provide a forem for specific, detailed "intra-disciplinary" 
discussion (intra-AI, that is) that explores for example, the 
relationships between language learning and visual recognition, 
language understanding and visual perception, memory and language 
generation, knowledge representation and language generation, 
planning and language generation, spatial representation and 
locative prepositions, temporal representation and tense and
aspect, to name just a few current areas of active investigation.

End of charter
--------

    The above is, by no means, a final version of the charter.   The
name was selected so that it would be obvious, for the time being, to
see what the purpose of this newsgroup.   Right now, comp.ai.nlp seems
the most popular, and we will probably require a vote to work the details
out.   People should argue for why they want the newsgroup named as they
do.   In addition, some parts of the charter may be modified after a
period of discussion.

Discussion period:   The period of discussion will last no less than three
                     weeks.   If discussion continues (especially concerning
                     the nature of the charter) beyond four weeks, we will
                     move the discussion to e-mail.   If there appears to 
                     be no major disagreements, then we will attempt to
                     make a call for votes in three weeks time, from
                     Wednesday, January 27.   Instructions on how to
                     vote will be given then as well as a final form for
                     a charter.

Reminders:  Reminders for discussion will be posted to news.announce,newgroups
            about once a week.

E-mail:    Any questions or suggestions can be e-mailed to me, Charles Lin,
           at clin@eng.umd.edu.   If there are any problems e-mailing me, let
           me know via posting, or asking another person to forward mail
           to me (this might be preferable).

Followup discussion:   All followup discussion will be carried out on
                       news.groups.   You may wish to crosspost to other
                       groups, but to keep clutter in other groups to
                       a minimum, discussion is preferably confined to
                       news.groups.
-- 
Charles Lin
clin@eng.umd.edu


From billd@informix.com (William Daul)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: International Informatics Access '93 Conference Alert
Message-ID: <1993Jan29.084058.3320@informix.com>
Date: 29 Jan 93 08:40:58 GMT
Sender: news@informix.com (Usenet News)
Organization: Informix Software, Inc.
Lines: 144
Originator: billd@cheetah

***********************************************************************
International Informatics Access '93 Conference Alert 
May 3-6,1993
Balatonfured, Hungary

Initial Sponsoring Organizations
  Ameritech Inc.
  Apple Computer, Inc.
  Congrex (USA) Inc.
  James Martin Strategy, Inc.
  Telematics and Informatics:
    An Internationa Journal

Cooperating Organizations:
  Hungarian Academy of Sciences
   Computer and Automation Research Institute
  Hungarian Ministry of Interior
   Department of Elections and Information Technology

************************************************************************
SIGNIFICANCE
The significance of the conference lies in its contribution to a much-
needed, wide-ranging dialogue on informatization of economies and
creating new programs for Central Europe and CIS nations.  Efforts
will be made to present alternative conceptualization and analysis of
the issues in the communications environment.The conference
speakers represent diverse technical, corporate and governmental
viewpoints.  It is anticipated that the conference will provide
concrete recommendations for future developments in the Central
Europe and CIS information and telecommunications environment.

IIA'93 is co-hosted by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; in 
cooperation with the Hungarian Ministry of Interior, Department of 
Elections and Information; the Ministry of Transportation, 
Communication and Water Management of the Hungarian Republic; 
Department of International Affairs and the Hungarian Ministry of 
Health and the Media. Current U.S. sponsors include Apple 
Computers, Inc., and James Martin Strategy.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE CONFERENCE FOCUS
This second conference on International Informatics Access considers 
informatics as a broad topic, but in its simplest form, refers to the 
process of information creation, gathering, processing and 
transmission. Information, and access to it, are the basis of decision
making throughout free market economies.

IIA '93 considers the role of informatics as: (a) a source of
productivity growth throughout the economy, and (b) an economic
sector that supplies goods and services. IIA '93 is organized to
consider both approaches, with particular focus on the following as
they relate to Central Europe and the CIS:
*     Successful frameworks for informatics sector policies, national
      and organizational models; 
*     Exploring Informatics as "infrastructural" in nature, providing 
      support to each of the more traditional sectors of an economy;
*     Developments in the four main informatics markets -- computer
      hardware, software and services, telecommunications, and electronic
      data services;
*     Low-cost applications of informatics in rural development;
*     Technical problems and issues in the supply of innovative and
      competitive informatics goods and  services;
*     Innovative applications of information technologies;
*     Financial considerations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE DELEGATES
Who will be IIA '93 delegates?
The conference is beneficial to all parties involved in the information
and telecommunications sector.  It is designed to be of particular 
value for those who are interested in obtaining a broad overview of
developments in the emerging information and communications
technologies.  Several conference sessions are devoted to success
stories of information and telecommunications technologies from
around the world.  The International Planning Council is requesting
international organizations in informatics, computing and
telecommunications groups and private industry to participate in
this conference. Delegates from 23 nations participated in the First 
International Informatics Access. 

Over 300 delegates from around the world are expected to
participate in IIA '93. 
	Delegates will be drawn from:
		Informatics policy makers
		Information industry professionals
		University professors
		Private industry representatives
		Trade associations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAJOR TOPIC AREAS

The International Informatics Access '93 program includes a combination of 
invited speakers and invited papers in four broad areas of information and 
communication.

Information Policy Requirements
  National and global policy requirements
  Regional Policy Coordination
  Key informatics policy drivers in the '90s
  Impact of global standards
  Privatization

Emerging Information Technology
  Key enabling technologies
  Wireless communications
  Personal communication networks
  New satellite technologies
  Network technology trends
  Computers in the 1990's

Key Applications in the 1990's
 Educational applications
 Health applications
 Industrial applications
 Transportation applications
 Technological, economic and social innovations

Financing Information and Telecommunications Development
  Financial requirements for infrastructure development
  Lenders requirements, U.S., national and regional
    environment

************************************************************************
For additional conference information, conference printed material or 
conference registration please contact John Oeffinger [member,
planning council] by EMAIL:
Internet (1):  wk00097@worldlink.com
Internet (2):  CG0861@apple.com
Compuserve: 70703,3570
Applelink: CG0861

OR

IIA '93 Secretariat
Congrex (USA), Inc.
7315 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 606W
Bethesda, Maryland 20814 USA
Telephone: 301-469-3355; FAX: 301-469-3360



-- 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 William Daul             Advanced Support      INFORMIX SOFTWARE INC.
 4100 Bohannon Dr.        (415) 926-6488 - wk
 Menlo Park, CA. 94025    uunet!infmx!billd  or  billd@informix.com


From harmo@valt.Helsinki.FI (TIMO HARMO)
Subject: Re: Any experience with Lotus Notes
Message-ID: <harmo.199@valt.Helsinki.FI>
Sender: news@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Uutis Ankka)
Organization: University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences
References: <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com> <1993Jan25.223718.1@seb.se>
Date: Fri, 29 Jan 1993 15:37:52 GMT
Lines: 9

In article <1993Jan25.223718.1@seb.se> s19184@seb.se (Michael Evans) writes:

>We had a good look at the functions and found that it was missing 
>monitoring process times, escalation generically through the 
>organisation (if he takes too long dealing with this case, signal his 
>manager), split & join parallel activities etc.

I believe such functions would completely criple an office system.
Would they not rouse very strong user-resistance? 


From Diane L. Herdt <DH6530A@auvm.american.edu>
Message-ID: <93030.103354DH6530A@auvm.american.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Benefits of Groupware
References: <gate.8sNwXB1w165w@sytex.com> <1993Jan25.223718.1@seb.se>
 <harmo.199@valt.Helsinki.FI>
Lines: 5

Does anyone have information about the benefits associated with using
groupware?  Do the benefits outweigh the risks?

Thanks in advance.
--Diane


From ccat@netcom.com (Chris)
Subject: Need standards for low cost phone video..
Message-ID: <1993Jan30.153516.6745@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services (408 241-9760 guest)
Date: Sat, 30 Jan 1993 15:35:16 GMT
Lines: 15

It strikes me that with the new popularity of high-speed modems and 
video and single-frame graphics compression, the only thing remaining
to stop low-cost interactive video conferencing is a common,extensible
videophone standard.It couldn't be that hard to develop a multimedia
framework for the transmission of pictorial data that could be used,
with the proper add in card, across all platforms. Maybye this board could
use DSP and user-programmable processors to do the compression,decompression
to be able to receive OS updates on the fly... And ideally it would accept
a common composite video input and output to a screen or external device..
(VCR?)
-Chris.

-- 
--
"the meek shall inherit the earth-the rest of us will move on."


From ccat@netcom.com (Chris)
Subject: A fun groupware application (Idea)
Message-ID: <1993Jan30.154316.6974@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services  (408 241-9760 guest) 
References: <1993Jan30.153516.6745@netcom.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Jan 1993 15:43:16 GMT
Lines: 11

With the much ballyhood introduction of ISDN and the new proposed
highspeed data network,I'm expecting shortly afterward to see the audio
equivalent
of IRC. This might also transmit MIDI data.. What a boon to musicians
to be able to jam together without having to be in the same place..
..
-Chris.

-- 
--
"the meek shall inherit the earth-the rest of us will move on."


